Abnormal Psychology - Chapter 1 Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

What defines a psychological disorder?

  • Psychological dysfunction within an individual (correct)
  • Presence of distress or impairment in functioning (correct)
  • Responses that are typical and culturally expected
  • None of the above

What is a phobia?

An anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation.

What is psychological dysfunction?

Breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning.

Just having a dysfunction is enough to meet the criteria for psychological disorder.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does DSM stand for?

<p>Diagnostic and Statistical Manual</p> Signup and view all the answers

Abnormal behavior only refers to actions that are illegal.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is psychopathy?

<p>The scientific study of psychological disorders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is moral therapy?

<p>A philosophy of treatment that emphasized treating mentally ill people with compassion and understanding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Classical Conditioning?

<p>A type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the major contribution of Sigmund Freud?

<p>Originated psychoanalysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are defense mechanisms?

<p>Unconscious protective methods of reducing anxiety (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'prognosis' refer to?

<p>A prediction of the course of a disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of delusions?

<p>False beliefs that are maintained even though they clearly are out of touch with reality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of behavior therapy?

<p>Applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is a phobia?

A psychological disorder characterized by irrational fear and avoidance of specific situations or objects. It involves anxiety and distressed behavior triggered by the feared object or situation.

What is prevalence?

This is the measure of how common a disorder is within a population at a given time. It is a snapshot of how prevalent the disorder is.

What is an episodic disorder?

A disorder with a fluctuating course, characterized by periods of symptoms alternating with periods of remission.

What is an acute onset?

A disorder that arises suddenly and intensely.

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What does the supernatural model suggest about psychological disorders?

The supernatural model attributes dysfunction to external spiritual forces, suggesting that mental illness is caused by supernatural beings or forces.

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What is the humoral theory?

This theory, developed by Hippocrates, links mental health to a balance of bodily fluids. It suggests that imbalances in these fluids can lead to psychological problems.

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What is the core focus of psychosocial treatment?

This type of treatment emphasizes the role of social and cultural factors in addressing psychological issues. It focuses on understanding the individual within their social context.

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What is behavior therapy?

This is a form of therapy that uses learning principles to modify undesirable behaviors. It relies on techniques like reinforcement and punishment to change behaviors.

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What are neuroses?

This refers to a group of psychological disorders characterized by anxiety or tension, without a disconnect from reality.

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What is psychosis?

This refers to a severe form of psychological disorder involving a disconnect from reality. This can manifest as delusions or hallucinations.

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What is the unconscious mind?

This is the part of the mind that contains unconscious thoughts, feelings, and motivations. It is a prominent concept in psychoanalytic theory.

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What are intrapsychic conflicts?

This refers to the inner conflicts that arise from the interactions of the id, ego, and superego. These conflicts can contribute to psychological distress.

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What is the psychoanalytic model?

This model suggests that abnormal behavior stems from inner tensions, conflicts, and unconscious drives, often deeply rooted in childhood experiences.

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Study Notes

Psychological Disorders and Concepts

  • Psychological disorders involve dysfunction in cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning.
  • Symptoms often cause distress or impairment in daily life and may not conform to cultural expectations.
  • Phobias represent anxiety disorders characterized by irrational fear and avoidance of specific situations or objects.
  • The DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual) lists criteria for diagnosing psychological disorders.

Mental Health Practitioners

  • Counseling psychologists focus on adjustment and vocational issues in relatively healthy individuals.
  • Clinical psychologists generally address more severe psychological disorders.
  • Mental health practitioners must stay updated on psychopathology developments and evaluate their treatment effectiveness.

Disorder Characteristics

  • Prevalence measures how widespread a disorder is within a population.
  • Incidence refers to the rate of new cases arising in a specific time period.
  • Disorders can have chronic (long-term), episodic (temporary but recurring), or time-limited (improving without treatment) courses.
  • Onset can be acute (sudden) or insidious (gradual).

Historical Context and Theories

  • The supernatural model attributes dysfunction to external spiritual forces.
  • Hippocrates introduced the humoral theory, linking mental health to bodily fluids: blood, black bile, yellow bile, and phlegm.
  • Dorothea Dix championed moral therapy, advocating for compassionate treatment of the mentally ill.
  • Freud's psychoanalytic theory links abnormal behavior to unconscious motives and conflicts between id, ego, and superego.

Treatment Approaches

  • Psychosocial treatment emphasizes social and cultural factors in addressing psychological issues.
  • Electroconvulsive therapy and insulin shock therapy are considered biomedical approaches for severe disorders.
  • Behavior therapy utilizes learning principles to modify undesirable behaviors, employing techniques like systematic desensitization.

Important Figures

  • Emil Kraepelin developed a comprehensive classification system for psychological disorders.
  • B.F. Skinner is notable for his work on operant conditioning, focusing on the effects of rewards and punishments on behavior.

Psychological Mechanisms

  • Defense mechanisms protect the ego from anxiety by distorting reality, including denial, displacement, and projection.
  • Catharsis in psychoanalysis involves emotional purging of tensions.

Learning and Conditioning

  • Classical conditioning involves associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus, leading to conditioned responses.
  • Operant conditioning reinforces or punishes behavior to strengthen or diminish it.

Neuroses and Psychotic Disorders

  • Neuroses are psychological disorders characterized by anxiety or tension, while psychosis involves a disconnect from reality, including delusions and hallucinations.

Unconscious Mind and Internal Conflicts

  • The unconscious mind is crucial in understanding behavioral motivations, while intrapsychic conflicts arise from the interactions of the id, ego, and superego.

Conceptual Models

  • The psychoanalytic model posits that abnormal behavior stems from inner tensions.
  • Object relations theory studies how personal relationships shape psychological development and dysfunction.

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Test your knowledge on the key concepts of Abnormal Psychology with this set of flashcards from Chapter 1. Learn about psychological disorders, definitions, and terms such as phobia. Perfect for students preparing for exams or reviewing core material.

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