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Questions and Answers
What is the term used to describe a substance showing abnormal molar mass?
What is the term used to describe a substance showing abnormal molar mass?
- Abnormal molar mass substance
- Anomalous substance (correct)
- Abnormal solute
- Colligative compound
Which expression represents the elevation of boiling point in terms of van’t Hoff factor?
Which expression represents the elevation of boiling point in terms of van’t Hoff factor?
- Tb = i Kb m (correct)
- Tb = i Kb n2 m
- Tb = i n1 n2 Kb m
- Tb = n1 i Kb m
In the Clausius-Clapeyron Equation, what does (p2/p1) represent?
In the Clausius-Clapeyron Equation, what does (p2/p1) represent?
- Final pressure/initial pressure (correct)
- Initial pressure/final pressure
- Partial pressure ratio
- Change in pressure
What will happen to the van’t Hoff factor (i) when a solute undergoes association in a solution?
What will happen to the van’t Hoff factor (i) when a solute undergoes association in a solution?
How is the abnormal molar mass of a substance determined?
How is the abnormal molar mass of a substance determined?
What property of a liquid increases with the increase in temperature according to the text?
What property of a liquid increases with the increase in temperature according to the text?
What does w3 represent in the context of the text?
What does w3 represent in the context of the text?
Which formula is used to calculate mass by volume percentage?
Which formula is used to calculate mass by volume percentage?
What is the unit for parts per million (ppm) in solutions?
What is the unit for parts per million (ppm) in solutions?
In the relation $xA + xB = 1$, what do xA and xB represent?
In the relation $xA + xB = 1$, what do xA and xB represent?
What is the relationship between Molarity (M) and Normality (N) as per the text?
What is the relationship between Molarity (M) and Normality (N) as per the text?
What does GEM stand for in the context of the text?
What does GEM stand for in the context of the text?
In an ideal solution, what is the relationship between the intermolecular attractive forces of A-A, B-B, and A-B?
In an ideal solution, what is the relationship between the intermolecular attractive forces of A-A, B-B, and A-B?
Which type of solutions show a pressure composition curve with negative deviation from Raoult's Law?
Which type of solutions show a pressure composition curve with negative deviation from Raoult's Law?
What is one characteristic of non-ideal solutions showing positive deviation from Raoult's Law?
What is one characteristic of non-ideal solutions showing positive deviation from Raoult's Law?
What type of mixtures are azeotropes?
What type of mixtures are azeotropes?
In the determination of molar mass, which type of solutions form minimum boiling azeotropes?
In the determination of molar mass, which type of solutions form minimum boiling azeotropes?
What is the molar mass of a substance if its solubility in a specified amount of solvent is the maximum amount that can be dissolved?
What is the molar mass of a substance if its solubility in a specified amount of solvent is the maximum amount that can be dissolved?
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Study Notes
Colligative Properties
- Abnormal molar masses are observed when the molecular mass of a substance determined by studying colligative properties is different from the theoretically expected value.
- Van't Hoff factor (i) is used to calculate the extent of association or dissociation of a solute in a solution.
- i = total number of moles of particles after association (dissociation) / number of moles of particles before association (dissociation)
Vapour Pressure
- Vapour pressure increases with increasing temperature.
- Clausius-Clapeyron equation: ln(p2/p1) = (ΔHvap/R) (1/T1 – 1/T2), where ΔHvap is the enthalpy of vaporisation of the liquid.
- Relative lowering of vapour pressure of a solvent can be calculated using the formula: pSolution = pSolvent - (w1 - w2) / w3.
Solutions and Colligative Properties
- Important formulae:
- Mole fraction of A (xA) = nA / (nA + nB)
- Mole fraction of B (xB) = nB / (nA + nB)
- Molarity (M) = moles of solute / volume of solution in litres
- Molality (m) = moles of solute / mass of solvent in kg
- Normality (N) = gram equivalents of solute / volume of solution in litres
- Normality × Equivalent mass (solute) = Molarity × Molar mass (solute)
Properties of Solutions
- Ideal solutions:
- ΔHmixing = 0
- ΔVmixing = 0
- Intermolecular attractive forces between A-A and B-B are nearly equal to those between A-B
- Non-ideal solutions:
- Do not obey Raoult's law over the entire range of concentration
- ΔHmixing > 0 or ΔHmixing < 0
- Azeotropes:
- Binary mixtures having the same composition in liquid and vapour phase
- Boil at a constant temperature
- Form minimum or maximum boiling azeotropes depending on the composition
Solubility
- Solubility of a solid in a liquid is its maximum amount that can be dissolved in a specified amount of solvent.
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