Abdominal Organs and Tissues Anatomy
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Questions and Answers

What is the function of the circular muscle layer in the muscularis externa?

  • Decreasing the diameter of the lumen (correct)
  • Anchoring organs to nearby structures
  • Shortening the length of the specific area
  • Mechanically processing ingested food
  • Which organs have an adventitia layer but lack a serosa?

  • Kidneys, ureters, and urinary bladder
  • Stomach, small intestine, and large intestine
  • Pancreas, liver, and gallbladder
  • Pharynx, esophagus, and rectum (correct)
  • In organs lacking a serosa, what is the function of the adventitia layer?

  • Mechanically processing ingested food
  • Shortening the length of the specific area
  • Anchoring organs to nearby structures (correct)
  • Decreasing the lumen diameter
  • Which two organs are among those that lack a serosa and have an adventitia?

    <p>Pharynx and esophagus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the longitudinal muscle layer in the muscularis externa?

    <p>Shortening the length of the specific area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the epiglottis during the pharyngeal phase of swallowing?

    <p>Closes the glottis to prevent choking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the lower esophageal sphincter?

    <p>Prevents regurgitation of food back up the esophagus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common condition associated with the lower esophageal sphincter malfunction?

    <p>Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the esophagus pass through to enter the stomach?

    <p>Through the diaphragm at the esophageal hiatus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a complication that can arise due to a hiatal hernia?

    <p>Acid reflux</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of epithelium is found in the mucosal layer of the esophagus?

    <p>Non-keratinized squamous epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the acinar cells in the pancreas?

    <p>Secretion of digestive enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the pancreatic islets, responsible for secreting hormones such as insulin and glucagon, come from?

    <p>Endocrine cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the pancreatic juice is responsible for neutralizing stomach acid in the duodenum?

    <p>Bicarbonate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate daily production of pancreatic juice by the human body?

    <p>1-1.2 liters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the pancreas releases the pancreatic juice into the duodenum?

    <p>Main pancreatic duct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the accessory pancreatic duct in some individuals?

    <p>Transport of pancreatic juice to duodenum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of bile?

    <p>Emulsify fat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is most of the liver located in the human body?

    <p>Right side</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the gallbladder?

    <p>Store and modify bile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does bile leave the gallbladder?

    <p>Cystic duct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers contractions in the gallbladder to release bile?

    <p>Cholecystokinin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the pouches found along the large intestine called?

    <p>Haustra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or False: The large intestine has villi like the small intestine.

    <p><strong>False</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or False: The caudate lobe of the liver is located between the right and left lobes.

    <p><strong>False</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or False: The falciform ligament separates the quadrate lobe from the caudate lobe of the liver.

    <p><strong>False</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or False: The round ligament is formed by the degeneration of the fetal umbilical vein.

    <p><strong>True</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Myenteric neural plexus?

    <p>Facilitates muscle contraction between circular and longitudinal layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the submucosal neural plexus?

    <p>Involved in the control of secretion in the intestines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the muscularis mucosae in the digestive system?

    <p>Contracts to move food through the digestive tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of muscle contraction is responsible for pushing food forward in the digestive tract?

    <p>Circular muscle contraction followed by longitudinal muscle contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main mechanical processing of food done by in the mouth?

    <p>Tongue, teeth, and hard palate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the lingual frenulum located?

    <p>Under the tongue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Organs and Layers

    • Organs in the abdominal cavity have a serosa layer, except for those that have an adventitia layer, which includes the pharynx, esophagus, and rectum.
    • Adventitia is a dense network of collagen fibers that anchors organs to nearby structures.

    Muscular Layer

    • The muscular layer (muscularis externa) is composed of two smooth muscle layers:
      • Circular muscle layer: contraction decreases the diameter of the lumen.
      • Longitudinal muscle layer: contraction shortens the length of the area.
    • Contraction of both layers mechanically processes food and moves it along the tract.

    Pharyngeal Phase

    • Begins when the bolus reaches the pharynx.
    • No longer under conscious control.
    • Uvula and soft palate close off the nasopharynx.
    • Pharynx constricts in an up and down motion, forcing the bolus downwards into the esophagus.

    Esophageal Phase

    • Begins when the bolus enters the esophagus.
    • Moves food via peristalsis to the stomach.
    • Two sphincters associated with the esophagus:
      • Upper esophageal sphincter: prevents regurgitation.
      • Lower esophageal sphincter (also called cardiac sphincter): prevents stomach acid from going back up.

    Esophagus

    • Carries solids and liquids from the pharynx to the stomach.
    • Contains mucosa, submucosa, and muscular layers.
    • Mucosa and submucosa layers produce mucus, making it easier for the bolus to travel down the esophagus.
    • Two histological differences found in the esophagus.

    Pancreas

    • Has an endocrine and exocrine function.
    • Endocrine function: produces hormones such as insulin and glucagon from pancreatic islets.
    • Exocrine function: produces pancreatic juice containing digestive enzymes from pancreatic acini.

    Large Intestine

    • Haustra: pouches along the large intestine that house feces.
    • Longitudinal layer is restricted to a strip called Taenia coli.
    • Omental appendices: hanging adipose tissue.

    Histology of the Large Intestine

    • Typical structure of the digestive tract but with an absence of villi.
    • Simple columnar epithelium lines the lumen.
    • Goblet cells produce mucus.
    • Intestinal glands secrete intestinal juice.

    Accessory Digestive Organs

    • Liver:
      • Largest visceral organ.
      • Four lobes: right, left, quadrate, and caudate.
      • Falciform ligament separates the right and left lobes.
      • Produces 700mL of bile daily.
    • Gallbladder:
      • Stores and modifies bile.
      • Two main functions: stores bile and modifies bile.
      • Bile pathway: bile from the liver goes to the gallbladder, then to the cystic duct, and finally to the bile duct.

    Bile Pathway

    • Bile from the liver goes to the gallbladder.
    • Bile leaves the gallbladder via the cystic duct.
    • Bile duct connects to the duodenum of the small intestine.
    • Sphincter at the end of the bile duct opens when chyme is present in the duodenum.

    Pancreas

    • Found in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen.
    • Behind the stomach.
    • Has a sphincter that controls the release of pancreatic juice.

    Histology of the Digestive Tract

    • Mucosa:
      • Mucosal epithelium and lamina propria.
      • Laminar propria is a little bit of alveolar connective tissue.
      • Sensory nerve endings, lymphatic vessels, and blood vessels nourish the avascular epithelium.
    • Submucosa:
      • Irregularly arranged dense fibrous connective tissue.
      • Submucosal glands secrete into the lumen.
      • Innervated by the submucosal neural plexus.

    Movements of the Digestive System

    • Peristalsis:
      • Forward squeezing wave motion.
      • Moves the bolus throughout the digestive tract.
      • Circular muscle fibers contract in one area, then longitudinal muscles contract.
    • Segmentation:
      • Turning, fragmented motion.
      • Mixes the bolus with digestive materials.
      • Found in the small intestine.

    Digestive System Video 2

    • Mechanical processing of food is done by the tongue, teeth, and hard palate.
    • Saliva and mucus coat food to make it easier to swallow.
    • Saliva has enzymes, and digestion begins in the oral cavity.

    Histology of the Oral Cavity

    • Mucosa is made of non-keratinized stratified epithelium.
    • Soft palate is posterior to the hard palate.
    • Uvula guards the opening to the oropharynx.

    Anatomy of the Mouth

    • Lips:
      • Under each lip is a frenulum.
      • Frenulum helps keep the lips in place.
    • Gingiva (gums):
      • Surround the teeth.
      • Protect the tooth.
    • Teeth:
      • Imbedded between the maxilla and mandibular bone.
      • Deciduous teeth fall out, and permanent teeth push them out.
      • Enamel is the hardest substance in the human body.
      • Dentine is underneath the enamel.
      • Pulp cavity has blood vessels and nerves.
      • Root canal allows blood vessels and nerves to reach the tooth.
    • Tongue:
      • Has its own frenulum.
      • Keeps the tongue down.
      • Without it, we can choke on our own tongue.

    Saliva

    • Three salivary glands:
      • Parotid gland: near the ear, produces 25% of saliva.
      • Submandibular gland: under the jaw, produces 70% of saliva.
      • Sublingual gland: under the tongue, smallest salivary gland, produces 5% of saliva.
    • Two types of saliva:
      • Mucus saliva: acts as a binding agent.
      • Serous saliva: contains enzymes and water.

    Swallowing Process

    • Three phases:
      • Buccal phase: conscious decision to swallow.
      • Pharyngeal phase: begins when the bolus reaches the pharynx.
      • Esophageal phase: begins when the bolus enters the esophagus.
    • Tip of the tongue touches just behind the superior front teeth.
    • Tongue protrudes backwards, forcing the bolus to the pharynx.
    • Uvula prevents the bolus from going up into the nasopharynx.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the organs and tissues found in the abdominal cavity, including the mesenteric proper, lesser omentum, greater omentum, transverse mesocolon, sigmoid mesocolon, and the falciform ligament. Learn about the differences between organs with serosa and adventitia layers, and understand the composition of the muscular layer (muscularis externa).

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