exam 2 ha

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Questions and Answers

What condition is characterized by an abnormal fluid build-up in the abdominal cavity?

Keloids

Ascites (correct)

Ulcers

Hernia

What surgical procedure describes the creation of a connection between two body structures?

Resection

Ligation

Anastomosis (correct)

Fistula

Which term describes the enlargement of the spleen?

CVA tenderness

Hepatomegaly

Splenomegaly (correct)

Ascites

Which of the following is an involuntary process that moves food through the gastrointestinal tract?

Peristalsis Signup and view all the answers

What condition involves the change of esophageal tissue to intestinal tissue due to stomach acid exposure?

Barrett’s Esophagus Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct sequence of the steps in abdominal assessment?

Inspection, Auscultation, Percussion, Palpation Signup and view all the answers

What does a positive Psoas sign indicate?

Appendicitis Signup and view all the answers

Which sign refers to pain associated with gallbladder irritation?

Murphy's sign Signup and view all the answers

What condition is associated with the Rovsing sign?

Appendicitis Signup and view all the answers

What does a Fluid Wave test assess?

Presence of fluid in the abdominal cavity Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by absent bowel sounds during auscultation?

Emergency situation Signup and view all the answers

Which sign is specifically associated with rebound tenderness?

Blumberg sign Signup and view all the answers

What does the presence of hyperactive bowel sounds indicate?

Diarrhea Signup and view all the answers

Which type of joint is characterized by having a fluid sac for ease of movement?

Synovial Signup and view all the answers

What does the Goniometer measure?

Range of motion Signup and view all the answers

Which hand deformity is characterized by the proximal joints being hyperextended while the distal joints are flexed?

Swan neck deformity Signup and view all the answers

What spinal abnormality is described as an excessive inward curvature of the lumbar spine?

Lordosis Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by sudden and severe pain, redness, and swelling in the big toe joint?

Gouty arthritis Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of osteoblasts in bone physiology?

Form and repair bone Signup and view all the answers

What is an indicator of rheumatoid arthritis in hand positioning?

Ulnar deviation Signup and view all the answers

In a goniometer test, what rating indicates passive range of motion?

2 Signup and view all the answers

What defines a fibrous joint?

Immovable with dense connective tissue Signup and view all the answers

The straight leg test is primarily used to assess which area of the body?

Spine Signup and view all the answers

What is a common result of osteoarthritis?

Bony swellings at joints Signup and view all the answers

Which condition leads to excessive bone fragility, often seen in postmenopausal women?

Osteoporosis Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'circumduction' refer to in joint movement?

Moving limbs in a circular motion Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by small, bulging pouches that form on the lining of the colon?

Diverticulitis Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the painful swallowing experience?

Odynophagia Signup and view all the answers

What is characterized by black, tarry, sticky stools?

Melena Signup and view all the answers

Which condition involves inflammation of the rectal lining?

Proctitis Signup and view all the answers

What does BRBPR stand for?

Bright red blood per rectum Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the excess passage of intestinal gas?

Flatulence Signup and view all the answers

What is the common term for decreased bowel movement frequency or passing lumpy hard stool?

Constipation Signup and view all the answers

What is characterized by a persistent, painful urge to defecate without excreting stool?

Tenesmus Signup and view all the answers

How many pairs of spinal nerves are present in the human body?

31 pairs Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following screening tools is NOT commonly used for assessing mental status?

MRI scan Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is included in neurological checks?

Reflexes Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of a patient's condition is assessed when checking cranial nerves?

Nerve function Signup and view all the answers

What does the Glasgow coma scale primarily assess?

Traumatic brain injury Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary functions of the cerebellum?

Coordination of voluntary movements Signup and view all the answers

Which structure acts as a relay center for reflex actions from the ear and eyes?

Pons Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the medulla oblongata?

Regulation of cardiovascular functions Signup and view all the answers

Where is the spinal cord located?

In the vertebral canal Signup and view all the answers

What type of impulses do sensory nerves conduct towards the brain?

Ascending impulses Signup and view all the answers

Which ascending pathway is responsible for sensations of pain and temperature?

Spinothalamic tract Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the pyrimidal (corticospinal) tract?

Carrying motor impulses from the brain Signup and view all the answers

What type of neural pathways are involved in motor impulse transmission?

Pyrimidal and extrapyramidal tracts Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following sensations is processed by the posterior columns?

Position, vibration, and fine touch Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical function of the spinal cord in relation to muscle stimulation?

Stimulating glands and muscles through motor impulses Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the frontal lobe?

Directs voluntary skeletal actions and influences reasoning Signup and view all the answers

Which lobe of the brain is primarily responsible for interpreting tactile sensations?

Parietal lobe Signup and view all the answers

What function is associated with the occipital lobe?

Interprets visual stimuli Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the diencephalon is responsible for regulating vital signs?

Hypothalamus Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the thalamus in the brain?

Screens and directs sensory impulses Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is NOT considered part of the brain stem?

Thalamus Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the midbrain within the brain stem?

Processes auditory and visual information Signup and view all the answers

Which lobe receives and interprets impulses from the ear?

Temporal lobe Signup and view all the answers

What functions are regulated by the hypothalamus?

Sleep cycles and emotional status Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the lobes of the brain?

Cerebellar lobe Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the somatic nervous system?

Mediates conscious voluntary activities Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the autonomic nervous system?

Mediates unconscious involuntary activities Signup and view all the answers

What role does the sympathetic nervous system play during stress?

Elicits 'fight or flight' responses Signup and view all the answers

What does the extrapyramidal tract primarily control?

Muscle tone and body control Signup and view all the answers

Which components make up the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic distinguishes autonomic fibers from somatic fibers?

Autonomic fibers are associated with involuntary muscles Signup and view all the answers

During what levels of the spinal cord does the sympathetic nervous system operate?

Thoracolumbar levels (T1 to L2) Signup and view all the answers

What does the autonomic nervous system NOT control?

Skeletal muscle activation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

Connect the CNS to the limbs and organs Signup and view all the answers

Which system is responsible for relaxation and returning the body to its normal state after stress?

Parasympathetic nervous system Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by pain in the left shoulder?

Referred pain from the pancreas or spleen Signup and view all the answers

What type of organ is the gallbladder classified as?

Hollow organ Signup and view all the answers

Which quadrant of the abdomen is associated with appendix pain?

Right lower quadrant Signup and view all the answers

What can midback pain indicate?

Pancreas pain Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of a stoma?

A surgically created opening in the body Signup and view all the answers

What type of sensation is indicated by pain in the right upper back?

Gallbladder pain Signup and view all the answers

Which organ is considered a solid organ?

Uterus Signup and view all the answers

Where is referred pain from the gallbladder most likely felt?

Right upper quadrant Signup and view all the answers

How many pairs of cervical spinal nerves are there?

8 pairs Signup and view all the answers

What does the Mini-mental status exam primarily test?

Cognitive functioning Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT part of the neurological checks?

Cerebral blood flow Signup and view all the answers

Which screening tool assesses memory and orientation?

MoCA Signup and view all the answers

What is assessed when evaluating cranial nerves?

Overall brain function Signup and view all the answers

What does left-sided flank pain typically indicate?

Problem with the kidneys or ureter Signup and view all the answers

Which step is the first in the abdominal assessment process?

Inspection Signup and view all the answers

What does the Psoas sign indicate?

Appendicitis or irritation of the psoas muscle Signup and view all the answers

What does a positive Murphy sign indicate?

Gallbladder pain Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is indicated by rebound tenderness?

Appendicitis or peritonitis Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of a fluid wave test?

To determine the presence of fluid in the abdominal cavity Signup and view all the answers

What does hypoactive bowel sounds indicate?

Possible bowel obstruction or post-surgery status Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is associated with cholcystitis?

Pain in the right upper quadrant Signup and view all the answers

What is McBurney's point commonly used to identify?

Appendicitis in the right lower quadrant Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint movement is described by moving a limb away from the body?

Abduction Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following findings would suggest an emergency during an abdominal examination?

Absent bowel sounds Signup and view all the answers

Which bone cell type is primarily responsible for maintaining bone tissue?

Osteocytes Signup and view all the answers

What type of spinal abnormality is characterized by a lateral curvature of the spine?

Scoliosis Signup and view all the answers

What movement is defined as the bending of a joint, decreasing the angle between bones?

Flexion Signup and view all the answers

In which joint type are sutures found, which primarily prevent movement?

Fibrous Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by a loss of normal density in bones, leading to increased fragility?

Osteoporosis Signup and view all the answers

Which movement occurs when the foot's sole is turned outward?

Eversion Signup and view all the answers

What is a common feature of rheumatoid arthritis as seen in the hand?

Ulnar deviation Signup and view all the answers

What term describes a deformity of the big toe deviating towards the other toes?

Hallux valgus Signup and view all the answers

Which type of muscle is characterized by striations and involuntary control, primarily found in the heart?

Cardiac muscle Signup and view all the answers

What does the Ballottement test assess in the knee?

Larger amounts of fluid Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the three spaces of the CNS?

Intracranial Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary indication of tenderness in the anatomic snuff box test?

Possible wrist trauma Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is responsible for coordination and balance?

Cerebellum Signup and view all the answers

What is one primary function of the CNS?

Motor control through lower motor neurons Signup and view all the answers

What does the epidural space primarily provide?

Local anesthesia Signup and view all the answers

Which test is used to assess the strength and pain in the hands?

Squeeze test Signup and view all the answers

What does the subdural space commonly indicate when affected?

Hematomas Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is located in the cranial cavity?

Brain Signup and view all the answers

What is the main component covered by meninges?

Spinal cord Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Abdominal Assessment

Borborygmi is the rumbling or gurgling sound from the abdomen.
Visceral pain is localized, intermittent, and experienced within the abdominal cavity.
Parietal pain is localized at the pain source, more severe, and steady.
Referred pain is felt away from the primary site of pain.

Musculoskeletal System

Compact bone is the outer layer of bone, known for its density and strength.
Spongy bone is found inside the bone and is less dense, containing spaces for bone marrow.
Osteoblasts are responsible for bone formation, growth, and healing.
Osteocytes are mature osteoblasts that maintain bone tissue.

Skeletal System

Axial skeleton includes the head and trunk, supporting the body's core.
Appendicular skeleton consists of the extremities, shoulders, and hips, allowing for movement and locomotion.

Movements of the Body

Abduction is movement away from the midline of the body.
Adduction is movement toward the midline.
Circumduction is a circular movement.
Inversion is turning a body part inward.
Eversion is turning a body part outward.
Extension is straightening a joint.
Hyperextension is going beyond a 180-degree extension.
Flexion is bending a joint.
Dorsiflexion is pointing the toes upward.
Plantarflexion is pointing the toes downward.
Supination is turning the palm upward.
Protraction is moving a body part forward.
Retraction is moving a body part backward.
Rotation involves turning a body part towards or away from the body, classified as internal or external.

Types of Muscle Tissue

Skeletal voluntary muscle is consciously controlled by the nervous system, striated, and attached to bones for movement.
Smooth muscle is involuntary, not striated, and found in hollow organs, responsible for peristalsis.
Cardiac muscle is involuntary, striated, and interconnected to facilitate electrical signals within the heart.

Types of Joints

Fibrous joints are found in the skull, like sutures, allowing minimal movement.
Cartilaginous joints connect vertebrae in the spinal column, providing cushioning and flexibility.
Synovial joints are highly movable, like the knee, hip, and shoulder, containing a fluid sac for smooth movement.

Key Structures in the Musculoskeletal System

Ligaments connect bones to joints, providing stability and preventing excessive movement.
Bursae are small fluid sacs between bones and soft tissues, acting as cushions to reduce friction.
Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is found in the jaw and often associated with clicking or popping sounds.
Sternoclavicular joint is located under the clavicle and assessed for range of motion (ROM) during physical examinations.

Spine Examination

Cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spine make up the length of the back.
Palpation of the spinous processes and muscles along the spine is crucial for diagnosing back issues.
Straight leg test helps assess nerve irritation in the lower back.

Spine Abnormalities

Kyphosis is a hunched back or excessive curvature of the thoracic spine.
Lordosis is an over-arched lumbar spine, often seen in pregnancy.
Scoliosis is a sideways curvature of the spine, presenting as an 'S' shape.
Flattening of lumbar curvature indicates a loss of the natural inward curve in the lumbar spine.
Lumbar hyperlordosis is an excessive inward curvature of the lumbar spine.
Ankylosing spondylitis is a chronic inflammatory condition affecting the spine and joints connecting to the pelvis.

Hand Abnormalities

Ulnar deviation is a wrist movement where the hand moves towards the ulnar side (towards the pinky fingers), often associated with rheumatoid arthritis.
Ganglion is a noncancerous lump filled with fluid, commonly found near joints or tendons of the wrists and hands.
Herberden's nodes are hard bony swellings that develop at the joints closest to the fingertips, commonly seen in osteoarthritis.
Swan neck deformity involves the abnormal positioning of fingers, where the proximal joint is hyperextended, and the distal joint is flexed, often a symptom of rheumatoid arthritis.
Hand osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease affecting the cartilage in joints, leading to pain, stiffness, and loss of function.
Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease causing chronic inflammation of joints, leading to stiffness, pain, and potential joint damage.
Tenosynovitis is an inflammation of tendons and their sheaths, causing pain, swelling, and difficulty moving.
Thenar atrophy is the wasting away or weakness of muscles at the base of the thumb.

Foot Abnormalities

Acute gouty arthritis is a sudden, severe attack of pain, redness, and swelling in the big toe joint, caused by uric acid crystals accumulating in the joint.
Hallux valgus is a big toe deformity where it deviates towards the other toes, often accompanied by a bony lump at the toe's base.
Corn is a thickened skin area on the soles of feet due to pressure or friction.
Hammer toe is a toe deformity where the middle joint bends downward.
Plantar wart is a small, hard growth on the sole of the foot caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV).
Osteoporosis is a condition characterized by decreased bone density and increased bone fragility, making fractures more likely. It's often triggered by age, hormonal changes, or low calcium intake.

Carpal Tunnel Tests

Phalen test involves holding both wrists together with fingers pointing downward; a negative test means no tingling or numbness occurs.
Tinel sign test involves percussing (tapping) over the median nerve; a negative test means no tingling or numbness occurs.

Knee Test

McMurrary test is a test used to assess for damage to the meniscus in the knee. The patient is supine, and the test involves rotating the foot while holding the knee steady; pain indicates a possible meniscus tear.

Abdominal Terminology

Viscera refers to internal organs, like the intestines, liver, and kidneys.
Peritoneum is the tissue lining the abdominal cavity and covering its organs.
Ascites refers to an abnormal fluid build-up in the space between the peritoneum and abdominal organs.
Keloids are raised scars resulting from excessive scar tissue growth.
Hepatomegaly refers to an enlarged liver.
Splenomegaly is a condition of an enlarged spleen.
CVA tenderness involves pain in the costovertebral angles (the area over the 12th rib), indicating issues like pyelonephritis, renal calculi, or hydronephrosis.
AAA stands for abdominal aortic aneurysm, an enlargement of the aorta that could lead to a dangerous rupture.
Peristalsis describes involuntary contractions and relaxations of muscles in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, creating wave-like motions to move food through the GI system.
Hernia occurs when an internal organ bulges through a weak area of the abdominal wall.
Anastomosis is a surgical procedure that connects two body structures, often used in bowel resection.
Fistula is an abnormal connection between two organs or to the surface of the body.
Ulcers are open sores that can form in the digestive tract.
Barrett's esophagus is a condition where the esophageal tissue changes to intestinal tissue due to prolonged exposure to stomach acid.
Appendix is a small, finger-shaped structure in the colon.

Left-Sided Abdominal Pain

Pain on the left side can indicate kidney problems, often felt in the flank, radiating down the abdomen from the ureter.

Suprapubic Pain

Pain in the suprapubic area can be attributed to issues with the rectum, colon, uterus, bladder, or prostate.

Abdominal Assessment Steps

Inspection involves visually examining the abdomen for any signs of distention, asymmetry, or abnormalities.
Auscultation involves listening to the abdomen with a stethoscope to assess bowel sounds.
Percussion involves gently tapping on the abdomen to evaluate the presence of fluid or gas.
Palpation involves using gentle pressure to feel the abdomen for any masses, tenderness, or enlarged organs.

Abdominal Assessment Tests

Rebound tenderness is assessed by pressing down on the abdomen and then releasing quickly. Pain upon release might indicate peritoneal irritation and conditions like appendicitis or peritonitis.
Fluid wave test helps assess the presence of fluid in the abdominal cavity. This involves placing hands on either side of the abdomen and pressing on one side then assessing for a wave-like movement felt on the other side.
Psoas sign involves having the patient lie on their left side and hyperextending the right knee back. Pain in the right lower quadrant (RLQ) may indicate appendicitis, as it irritates the psoas muscle.
Obturator sign is performed by supporting the patient's right knee and ankle, flexing the hip and knee, then rotating the leg inward. Pain in the RLQ may indicate irritation of the obturator muscle, suggestive of appendicitis.
Blumberg sign is another name for rebound tenderness and is associated with appendicitis.
Rovsing sign is a test where palpating the left lower quadrant (LLQ) results in referral pain to the RLQ, suggesting acute appendicitis.
Murphy's sign involves palpating under the liver. Pain in the area suggests gallbladder involvement, indicating cholecystitis.
McBurney's point is a point located on the right side of the abdomen, typically where pain is felt in cases of appendicitis.

Auscultation of Abdomen

Hyperactive bowel sounds indicate rapid bowel motility and are often associated with diarrhea.
Hypoactive bowel sounds suggest diminished bowel mobility and can be seen post-surgery or in cases of bowel obstruction.
Absent bowel sounds may indicate a medical emergency and require prompt attention.

Key Facts

Goniometer is a tool used to measure joint angles and assess range of motion.
A 5 on the movement rating scale indicates active motion with resistance, considered normal.
0 on the movement rating scale indicates no muscular contraction.
Chloecystitis is inflammation of the gallbladder, often characterized by pain in the right upper quadrant (RUQ).

Gastrointestinal Conditions

Candida is a fungal infection often characterized by oral thrush.
Polyps are abnormal cell growths protruding from the surface.
Constipation is defined by decreased bowel movement frequency or the passage of hard stools.
Diarrhea is characterized by loose, watery stool.
IBS stands for Irritable Bowel Syndrome.
IBD stands for Inflammatory Bowel Disease.
Diverticulitis involves the formation of small pouches or sacs on the colon lining.
BRBPR stands for Bright Red Blood Per Rectum.
Hematochia refers to the passage of fresh blood per anus, often in the stool.
Esophageal Varices are enlarged veins in the esophagus.
GERD stands for Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease.
Hemorrhoids are swollen veins near the anus or rectum.
Flatulence is the passage of intestinal gas.
Melena manifests as black, tarry, sticky stool.
Odynophagia describes painful swallowing
EGD (Esophagogastroduodenoscopy) is a procedure that examines the upper gastrointestinal tract.
Colonoscopy is a procedure that examines the lower gastrointestinal tract.
Proctitis is inflammation of the rectal lining.
Tenesmus is a persistent urge to defecate without producing stool.
Colostomy refers to a surgically-created opening of the colon on the abdomen.
Borborygmi is rumbling or gurgling sound from the abdomen.
Feces is the material expelled during a bowel movement.

Brain Anatomy and Function

The brain is divided into two hemispheres: the left and right.
The two hemispheres communicate impulses from opposite sides of the body.
Frontal lobe function:
- Directs voluntary skeletal actions.
- Influences communication, emotions, intelligence, reasoning, judgment, and behavior.
Temporal lobe function:
- Receives and interprets auditory impulses from the ear.
Parietal lobe function:
- Interprets tactile sensations including pain, touch, temperature, and shapes.
Occipital lobe function:
- Influences reading comprehension.
- Serves as the visual receptor center.
Diencephalon is responsible for signaling.
The diencephalon contains:
- Thalamus: Screens and directs impulses to specific areas in the cerebral cortex.
- Hypothalamus: Regulates bodily functions like water balance, appetite, vital signs, sleep cycles, pain perception, and emotional status.
The brain stem locates within the cranial cavity.
Structures of the brain stem include:
- Midbrain: Serves as the relay center for reflexes from the ear and eyes.
- Pons: Responsible for various reflex actions.
- Medulla Oblongata: Houses nuclei for cranial nerves.
- Cerebellum: Primarily coordinates and smooths voluntary movements.
- Spinal Cord: Extends from the medulla oblongata to the lumbar vertebrae, not the sacrum.
- Spinal Cord's Function:
  - Conducts sensory impulses upwards to the brain.
  - Conducts motor impulses downwards to neurons for stimulating glands and muscles.
  - Facilitates simple reflexes.
Sensory impulses travel upwards to the brain via the ascending neural pathway.
- Ascending Pathways:
  - Spinothalamic tract: Conveys pain, temperature, and light touch' sensations.
  - Posterior column: Carries sensations of position, vibration, and fine touch.
Motor impulses travel downwards from the brain via the descending neural pathway.
- Descending Pathways:
  - Pyramidal (corticospinal) tract: Carries impulses to muscles resulting in voluntary movements with skill and purpose.
  - Extrapyramidal tract: Conducts impulses to muscles related to maintaining muscle tone and bodily control.
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Carries information to and from the Central Nervous System (CNS).
- Components of the PNS:
  - 12 pairs of cranial nerves.
  - 31 pairs of spinal nerves.
Nerve fiber types:
- Somatic: Mediates conscious, voluntary activities.
- Autonomic: Mediates unconscious, involuntary activities.
- Somatic fibers: Carry CNS impulses to voluntary skeletal muscles.
- Autonomic fibers: Carry CNS impulses to involuntary smooth muscles (heart, intestines, glands).
Sympathetic nervous system:
- Associated with the "fight or flight" response.
- Activates responses such as:
  - Decreased gastric secretions.
  - Bronchiole dilation.
  - Increased heart rate.
  - Pupil dilation.
- Located in the thoracolumbar level (T1 to L2).
Parasympathetic nervous system:
- Considered the "relax" system.
Number of spinal nerves: 31 pairs.
Types of spinal nerves: 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal.
Neurological Checks:
- Mental status evaluation.
- Cranial nerve assessment
- Motor and cerebellar system assessment.
- Sensory system evaluation.
- Reflex testing.
Mental status evaluation:
- Determines the validity of the patient's self-reported information.
Screening tools for mental status:
- MoCA (Montreal Cognitive Assessment): Tests memory.
- Mini-mental status exam (MMSE): Tests memory.
- Glasgow coma scale (GCS): Used for evaluating traumatic brain injuries.
- Alert and oriented x4: Assesses orientation to person, time, place, and situation.

Sensation of Discomfort in Abdomen

Anal Fissure: Small tear in the anus lining.
Suppository: Medication inserted into rectum, vagina, or urethra.
Stoma: Surgically opened portion of bowel or ureter brought through the abdominal wall.

Internal Anatomy

Viscera: Soft internal organs.
Solid: Maintains shape (e.g., liver, spleen, uterus).
Hollow: Changes shape (e.g., stomach, gallbladder, colon, bladder).

Abdominal Quadrants and Regions

Right Hypochondriac, Epigastric, Left Hypochondriac: Upper regions.
Right Lumbar, Umbilical, Left Lumbar: Middle regions.
Right Iliac/Inguinal, Hypogastric, Left Iliac/Inguinal: Lower regions.

Referred Pain

Left Shoulder: Pain from pancreas or spleen.
Right Shoulder: Pain from gallbladder.
Right Upper Back: Gallbladder pain.
Left Upper Back: Kidney or ureter pain.
Midback: Pancreas or kidney pain.
Low Midback: Rectal pain.
Epigastric: Stomach, duodenum, or pancreas pain.
Epigastric RUQ: Gallbladder, biliary tree, or liver pain.
Umbilical: Appendix, small bowel, or proximal colon pain.
Left-sided Pain: Flank pain from kidneys or radiating down from the ureter.
Suprapubic: Rectum, colon, uterus, bladder, or prostate pain.

Abdominal Tests

Abdominal Assessment Steps: Inspect, Auscultate, Percuss, Palpate.
Rebound Tenderness: Pressing and releasing quickly, indicative of peritoneum irritation (appendicitis or peritonitis).
Fluid Wave Test: Assesses abdominal cavity fluid presence.
Psoas Sign: Pain in RLQ when laying on left side and hyperextending knee, indicating appendicitis.
Obturator Sign: Pain in RLQ when flexing and rotating the leg, indicating appendicitis.

Cholecystitis

Inflammation of the gallbladder.
Pain in the RUQ.

Blumberg Sign

Rebound tenderness indicating appendicitis.

Rovsing Sign

Referred rebound tenderness on the opposite side, indicating acute appendicitis.

Murphy Sign

Pain under the liver, indicating gallbladder pain.

McBurney’s Point

Right side upper pain, indicating appendicitis inflammation.

Auscultation of the Abdomen

Hyperactive Bowel Sounds (BS): Rapid mobility, associated with diarrhea.
Hypoactive BS: Diminished mobility, associated with post-surgery or bowel obstruction.
Absent BS: May be an emergency!
Borborygmi: Gurgling or rumbling sounds from the abdomen.

Types of Abdominal Pain

Visceral: Localized, intermittent pain.
Parietal: Localized at the source, more severe and steady.
Referred: Away from the primary site.

Musculoskeletal

Compact Bone: Outer layer of bone.
Spongy Bone: Inside of bone.
Osteoblasts: Responsible for bone formation, growth, and healing.
Osteocytes: Mature osteoblasts, maintaining bone tissue.

Axial vs. Appendicular Skeleton

Axial Skeleton: Head and trunk.
Appendicular Skeleton: Extremities, shoulders, and hips.

Movements

Abduction: Movement away from the body.
Adduction: Movement towards the body.
Circumduction: Movement in a circular path.
Inversion: Turning the sole of the foot inwards.
Eversion: Turning the sole of the foot outwards.
Extension: Straightening a joint.
Hyperextension: Straightening a joint beyond 180 degrees.
Flexion: Bending a joint.
Dorsiflexion: Lifting the toes upwards.
Plantarflexion: Pointing the toes downwards.
Supination: Turning the palm upwards.
Protraction: Moving a body part forwards.
Retraction: Moving a body part backwards.
Rotation: Movement around an axis (internal or external).

Types of Muscles

Skeletal Voluntary: Consciously controlled, striated fibers attached to bones for movement.
Smooth: Involuntary control, not striated, found in hollow organs.
Cardiac: Involuntary, striated, interconnected for electrical signal conduction.