Block 3 Clinical Correlates PDF

Inguinal region is most common site of Hernias ○ Indirect hernias: More common in men and protrude through the inguinal canal. ○ Direct Hernias: Occur later in life due to weakening of abdominal muscles. Ulcer: Disruption of the mucus coating of the stomach allows for HCl to erode the...

Inguinal region is most common site of Hernias ○ Indirect hernias: More common in men and protrude through the inguinal canal. ○ Direct Hernias: Occur later in life due to weakening of abdominal muscles. Ulcer: Disruption of the mucus coating of the stomach allows for HCl to erode the stomach lining. ○ Also very common in first part of duodenum Cirrhosis: results in severe fibrous scarring of liver → decreases venous flow and causes portal hypertension. Gallstones: Cause cholecystitis and can pass into the biliary duct system causing blockages. Appendicitis: Initially stretches the visceral peritoneum. When parietal peritoneum becomes involved it causes localized RLQ pain. Pancreatitis: From dilation of duct structures. Associated with gallstones. Most colon cancers occur in the rectum. Kidney stones are most likely to lodge in the narrow ureters. Tumors of adrenal medulla produce large amounts of catecholamines causing hypertensive crises. Endoscopic hernia repairs can cause damage to lateral femoral cutaneous nerve. A failing kidney is usually left in place during a transplant because there's generally no need to remove it unless it's causing complications like infection, high blood pressure, or significant size, as the new transplanted kidney will take over the filtering function, and the old kidney will simply shrink over time and become nonfunctional. Gluteus Medius Limp: caused by damage to superior gluteal nerve. Diagnosed with Trendelenburg test. Superolateral gluteal region is common for intramuscular injections. Hamstring tears usually occur near the attachment to ischial tuberosity. Weak popliteal pulse is a sign of femoral artery obstruction. Relaxin increases in pregnancy → increased mobility of pelvic joints Labor can alter the position of bladder neck and urethra → urinary stress incontinence. ○ Ex: damage to levator ani Hysterectomy is performed through the lower anterior abdominal wall.  Infection of the perineum can cause peritonitis. Vasectomy: Excision of ductus deferens Traumatic rupture of spongy urethra causes extravasation of urine into perineal space. Hydrocele: a collection of fluid in the scrotum that usually appears as a soft swelling. It's caused by fluid building up in the sac-like lining of the abdominal cavity that surrounds the testicle. Cystitis and UTIs are more common in females due to small urethra Douglas pouch is lowest portion of peritoneal cavity Uterine tubes are the most common site for ectopic pregnancy. Male membranous urethra is the narrowest portion and at risk for perforation during catheterization. Prostate Cancer: ○ Lateral + Posterior lobes: Common sites ○ Middle lobe: Benign prostatic hyperplasia - difficulty urinating. Internal hemorrhoids: Prolapse of rectal mucosa causing bright red bleeding External hemorrhoids: Thrombosis of veins, darker bleeding Internal and external hemorrhoids occur on opposite sides of the pectinate line. Femoral Hernia: loop of intestine passing through femoral ring and into the canal. Great saphenous vein is commonly used for coronary artery bypass. Patellar reflex: striking patellar tendon → quad contraction Chondromalacia Patellae: common knee injury in marathon runners; quad imbalance Injury to common fibular nerve is common because of its superficial positioning and results in loss of eversion and dorsiflexion Lacerations at the medial malleolus are common but tendons can be reattached Shin splints result from repetitive microtrauma of the tibialis anterior. Head of femur is mostly supplied by the MFCA. Blood flow from the artery of the ligament of head of the femur is not enough. Terrible Triad: Most commonly damaged knee structures - medial meniscus, ACL, MCL. Ankle sprains are almost always an inversion injury, with anterior talofibular ligament being the most commonly torn.