Questions and Answers
What is the interobserver agreement?
What does IRT stand for in behavioral measurement?
Inter-Response Time
What is a limited hold?
What does magnitude refer to in operant behavior?
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What is momentary time sampling?
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What is a motivating operation?
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What is the purpose of multiple baseline design?
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What is multiple exemplar training?
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What is naturally existing contingency?
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What is negative punishment?
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What is negative reinforcement?
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What is a neutral stimulus?
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What does a non-parametric study measure?
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What is noncontingent reinforcement?
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What is nonexclusion time out?
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What does normalization refer to?
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What is observer drift?
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What is observer reactivity?
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What is ontogeny?
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What is operant behavior?
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What is the purpose of the A-B-A Design?
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What is the A-B-A-B Design used for?
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What is meant by an abolishing operation?
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What does accuracy in data measurement refer to?
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Define alternating treatment design.
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What is an anecdotal observation?
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What is the definition of an antecedent?
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What is automatic reinforcement?
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Explain the automaticity of reinforcement.
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What is considered an aversive stimulus?
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What does avoidance contingency entail?
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Define baseline logic.
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What is a baseline in the context of an experiment?
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Define behavior in the context of applied behavior analysis.
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What is a behavior change tactic?
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What does a behavior checklist provide?
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What is a behavior trap?
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Define behavioral cusp.
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What is behavior momentum?
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What does celeration refer to?
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What is a changing criterion design?
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Define conditional probability.
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What is a conditioned punisher?
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Describe a conditioned reinforcer.
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What is a discriminative stimulus?
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What does duration measure in behavior analysis?
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Define ecological assessment.
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What is the definition of internal validity in experiments?
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Study Notes
A-B-A Design
- Withdrawal design; abandoned intervention to observe behavior change.
- Ends on baseline condition.
A-B-A-B Design
- Reversal design; reintroduces intervention to confirm treatment effects.
- Ends on intervention phase to strengthen results.
Abolishing Operation
- A motivating operation that temporarily reduces the effectiveness of a stimulus.
- Has an abative effect on behavior.
Accuracy
- Measures how well observed data reflects the true state of events.
- Critical for reliable data interpretation.
Alternating Treatment Design
- Rapid alternation between multiple treatments to assess their effectiveness.
- Useful for comparing effects on target behavior.
Anecdotal Observation
- Continuous direct observation recording behaviors and their antecedent and consequent events.
- Captures behaviors in natural environments.
Antecedent
- Environmental conditions or stimuli that occur before a target behavior.
Automatic Reinforcement
- Occurs independently without mediation from others.
- Example: Scratching an itch for relief.
Automaticity of Reinforcement
- Behavior changes based on consequences regardless of awareness.
Aversive Stimulus
- An unpleasant stimulus that can affect behavior.
Avoidance Contingency
- A response that prevents or delays an aversive stimulus.
- Example: Opening an umbrella to avoid rain.
Baseline Logic
- Experimental reasoning in single-subject designs involving prediction, verification, and replication.
Baseline
- A control condition where the independent variable is absent.
- Serves as a comparison to observe the effects of the intervention.
Behavior
- Described as the interaction of living organisms with their environment, defined by detectable movements resulting in environmental change.
Behavior Change Tactic
- A method for altering behavior based on behavioral principles.
Behavior Checklist
- A tool listing specific skills with conditions for observation.
Behavior Trap
- A network of reinforcements that can induce significant and lasting behavior changes.
Behavioral Cusp
- A behavior with profound effects leading to exposure to new environments and learning opportunities.
Behavioral Momentum
- Refers to the rate of responding and its resistance to change following altered reinforcement conditions.
Celeration
- Change in the rate of responding over time, indicating behavior trends.
Changing Criterion Design
- Involves shifting criteria for reinforcement or punishment over successive phases to assess behavior change.
Component Analysis
- Experimental designs that allow comparison of multiple treatment effects.
Conditional Probability
- Likelihood of a target behavior occurring under specific circumstances.
Conditioned Punisher
- A previously neutral stimulus that becomes a punisher through past associations.
Conditioned Reflex
- Learned stimulus-response relationship.
Conditioned Reinforcer
- A stimulus that gains reinforcing properties through prior pairings with other reinforcers.
Conditioned Stimulus
- A previously neutral stimulus that elicits a response after conditioning.
Confounding Variable
- Uncontrolled factors affecting the dependent variable's validity.
Consequence
- A stimulus change following a behavior of interest.
Contingency
- The relationship between operant behavior and its controlling variables.
Contingency/Behavior Contract
- Agreement specifying behaviors and reinforcement contingencies between parties.
Functional Analysis Conditions
- Assessments involving attention, escape, tangible, and sensory conditions.
Continuous Measurement
- Captures all instances of the targeted behavior during observation.
Continuous Reinforcement
- Rewarding every instance of the target behavior.
Contrived Mediating Stimulus
- An environmental prompt that assists performance in a generalization setting.
Correlation
- The degree to which two factors vary together, aiding prediction.
Frequency/Count
- The total number of behavior occurrences over time.
Data
- Quantified results from measurements.
Data Path
- Visualization of behavior levels and trends between data points.
Dependent Group Contingency/Hero Procedure
- Group reinforcement based on the behavior of one or select members.
Dependent Variable
- Measured outcome in an experiment to assess the impact of independent variable changes.
Deprivation
- Refers to an organism's state regarding access to a specific reinforcer.
Functional Definition of Behavior
- Identifies behaviors based on their environmental effects rather than intrinsic characteristics.
DRD (Differential Reinforcement of Diminished Responding)
- Reinforcement schedule that rewards low rates of responding based on previous performance.
DRH (Differential Reinforcement of High Responding)
- Reinforcement schedule rewarding high rates of responding based on previous performance.
DRL (Differential Reinforcement of Low Responding)
- Reinforcement follows target behavior if separated by minimum required response time.
Direct Measurement
- When the behavior measured aligns with the focus of investigation.
Discontinuous Measurement
- Some instances of the response may not be captured during measurement.
Discrete Trial
- Response rate is controlled by defined opportunities to emit behavior.
Discriminated Avoidance
- Responding to a signal that prevents the onset of aversive stimuli.
Discriminated Operant
- Behaviors more frequent under certain antecedent conditions.
Discriminative Stimulus
- A stimulus signaling reinforcement availability for specific responses.
Duration
- Measurable total time a behavior occurs.
Ecological Assessment
- Method considering environmental influences on behavior across contexts.
Environment
- The collection of real circumstances where organisms exist; behavior is inseparable from environment.
Escape Contingency
- A response that stops or avoids ongoing aversive stimuli.
Establishing Operation
- Motivating operation that temporarily enhances the effectiveness of stimuli.
Event Recording
- Counting occurrences of behavior through tallies during observation.
Exclusion Time Out
- Removing an individual from the environment following unwanted behavior.
Experimental Control
- Demonstrates functional relationships by showing predictable changes in behavior due to independent variable manipulation.
Free Operant
- Behavior emitted at any time; provided a minimal time for completion.
Rate
- Count-to-time ratio indicating behavior frequency.
Functional Analysis
- Identifies antecedent and consequences of problem behaviors under experimental conditions.
FBA (Functional Behavior Assessment)
- Systematic assessment identifying the functions of problem behavior.
General Case Analysis
- Selects diverse examples representing variations in teaching settings for generalization.
Group Contingency
- Reinforcement for all based on the behavior of a select person, group, or performance criterion.
Habilitation
- Adjustments made to maximize reinforcers and minimize punishers in an individual's repertoire.
Habituation
- Reduced response over time to consistent stimuli presentations.
Hallway Time Out
- Removal procedure for inappropriate behavior, relocating the student to a hallway.
History of Reinforcement
- Refers to past learning experiences that influence behavior.
Independent Group Contingency
- Each group's reinforcement depends on individual performance criteria.
Independent Variable
- Manipulated variable to assess its effect on the dependent variable.
Indirect Assessments
- Gathering information through interviews or checklists without direct observation.
Indiscriminable Contingency
- Makes it hard for the learner to predict when reinforcement will occur.
Informed Consent
- Essential components include capacity, information, and voluntariness for participation in treatments or studies.
Instructional Setting
- The learning environment comprises all factors influencing behavior acquisition and generalization.
Interdependent Group Contingency
- Joint performance criterion for group reinforcement.
Intermittent Schedule of Reinforcement
- Some behavior occurrences yield reinforcement, not all.
Internal Validity
- Ability to attribute behavior change reliably to the independent variable without external influences.
Interobserver Agreement
- Consistency in observed values reported by different observers.
IRT (Interresponse Time)
- Time elapsed between two responses.
Limited Hold
- Reinforcement available for a limited time following a fixed-interval or variable-interval schedule.
Magnitude
- Represents the intensity or force of an emitted behavior response.
Momentary Time Sampling
- Recording behavior presence or absence at specified time intervals.
Motivating Operation
- Environmental factors that temporarily alter reinforcement effectiveness and behavior frequency.
Multiple Baseline Design
- Consists of concurrent measurements across behaviors before treatment is sequentially applied.### Multiple Exemplar Training
- Involves practice with diverse stimulus conditions and response variations.
- Ensures acquisition of desired stimulus control and promotes generalization.
- Applicable to different settings and types of responses.
Naturally Existing Contingency
- Refers to reinforcement or punishment contingencies that operate independently from the behavior analyst's efforts.
- Includes social reinforcements contrived by other individuals.
Negative Punishment
- Occurs when a response results in the removal of a stimulus, reducing the likelihood of similar responses in the future.
- Known as Type II punishment.
Negative Reinforcement
- Involves the immediate removal or reduction of a stimulus following a response, which increases the likelihood of the response occurring again.
Neutral Stimulus
- Defined as a stimulus that does not trigger any observable behavior.
Non-Parametric Study
- Characterized by an independent variable that is either present or absent during a specific study phase.
Noncontingent Reinforcement
- A technique in which stimuli with reinforcing properties are delivered on fixed or variable schedules independent of behavior.
- Often used as a preventative intervention to mitigate problem behaviors.
Nonexclusion Time Out
- A time-out procedure where, contingent on the target behavior, the individual remains in the setting but is denied access to reinforcement for a specified time period.
Normalization
- The ideology advocating for the physical and social integration of individuals with disabilities into mainstream society, regardless of their disability degree or type.
Observer Drift
- Refers to unintentional changes in how an observer implements a measurement system during research, potentially leading to measurement errors.
Observer Reactivity
- Describes how an observer's awareness of being evaluated can influence the data they report.
Ontogeny
- Details the developmental history of an individual organism throughout its lifespan.
Operant Behavior
- Describes behavior that is shaped, maintained, and controlled by its consequences.
- A person's repertoire of operant behavior is determined by their historical interactions with their environment.
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