ABA SAFMEDS Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What is the interobserver agreement?

The time it takes for an observer to report

The degree to which two or more independent observers report the same observed values (correct)

The degree to which observers report different values

The amount of data collected during an observation

What does IRT stand for in behavioral measurement?

Inter-Response Time

What is a limited hold?

Reinforcement is available indefinitely

An unlimited response time for reinforcement

The average time between responses

Reinforcement is available only for a specific time following an interval (correct)

What does magnitude refer to in operant behavior?

The force, intensity, or quantitative value of a response Signup and view all the answers

What is momentary time sampling?

A measurement method that records behaviors at specified time intervals Signup and view all the answers

What is a motivating operation?

An environmental variable that alters reinforcing effectiveness and behavior frequency Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of multiple baseline design?

Allows treatment application to multiple behaviors sequentially Signup and view all the answers

What is multiple exemplar training?

Instruction providing practice with various stimulus conditions and responses Signup and view all the answers

What is naturally existing contingency?

Contingencies that operate independently of the analyst's efforts Signup and view all the answers

What is negative punishment?

Removing a stimulus to decrease behavior Signup and view all the answers

What is negative reinforcement?

Removing an aversive stimulus to increase behavior Signup and view all the answers

What is a neutral stimulus?

A stimulus that does not elicit or evoke behavior Signup and view all the answers

What does a non-parametric study measure?

Independent variable presented or absent during study phases Signup and view all the answers

What is noncontingent reinforcement?

Reinforcement given independently of behavior on a fixed or variable schedule Signup and view all the answers

What is nonexclusion time out?

Contingent procedure where the individual remains in the setting without access to reinforcement Signup and view all the answers

What does normalization refer to?

Integration of people with disabilities into mainstream society Signup and view all the answers

What is observer drift?

Unintended changes in measurement system application by an observer Signup and view all the answers

What is observer reactivity?

Influence on data from an observer's awareness of being evaluated Signup and view all the answers

What is ontogeny?

The history of development of an individual organism during its lifetime Signup and view all the answers

What is operant behavior?

Behavior maintained by its consequences and history of environmental interactions Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the A-B-A Design?

To withdraw a treatment and observe its effects Signup and view all the answers

What is the A-B-A-B Design used for?

To illustrate a reversal design Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by an abolishing operation?

A motivating operation that temporarily decreases the reinforcing effectiveness of a stimulus. Signup and view all the answers

What does accuracy in data measurement refer to?

The extent to which observed values match the true state of an event. Signup and view all the answers

Define alternating treatment design.

The rapid alternation of two or more distinct treatments while measuring their effects. Signup and view all the answers

What is an anecdotal observation?

A form of continuous observation recording a descriptive account of behaviors. Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of an antecedent?

An environmental condition or stimulus change occurring before a behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What is automatic reinforcement?

Reinforcement that occurs independent of the social mediation of others. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the automaticity of reinforcement.

Behavior is modified by its consequences regardless of the person's awareness. Signup and view all the answers

What is considered an aversive stimulus?

An unpleasant or noxious stimulus. Signup and view all the answers

What does avoidance contingency entail?

A response that prevents or postpones the presentation of an aversive stimulus. Signup and view all the answers

Define baseline logic.

The reasoning used in single-subject experimental designs involving prediction, verification, and replication. Signup and view all the answers

What is a baseline in the context of an experiment?

A condition where the independent variable is not present; it serves as a comparison for the treatment effects. Signup and view all the answers

Define behavior in the context of applied behavior analysis.

The activity of living organisms that results in measurable changes in their environment. Signup and view all the answers

What is a behavior change tactic?

A consistent method for changing behavior derived from principles of behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What does a behavior checklist provide?

Descriptions of specific skills and conditions for observing each skill. Signup and view all the answers

What is a behavior trap?

A community of interrelated contingencies that produces substantial behavior changes. Signup and view all the answers

Define behavioral cusp.

A behavior that has significant consequences that extend beyond the behavior itself. Signup and view all the answers

What is behavior momentum?

A metaphor describing the rate of responding and its resistance to change. Signup and view all the answers

What does celeration refer to?

The change in the rate of responding over time. Signup and view all the answers

What is a changing criterion design?

An experimental design with a baseline followed by treatment phases with progressively changing criteria. Signup and view all the answers

Define conditional probability.

The likelihood that a target behavior will occur in a given circumstance. Signup and view all the answers

What is a conditioned punisher?

A previously neutral stimulus that functions as a punisher due to prior associations. Signup and view all the answers

Describe a conditioned reinforcer.

A stimulus change that gains its reinforcing properties through prior pairing with other reinforcers. Signup and view all the answers

What is a discriminative stimulus?

A stimulus in the presence of which specific responses have been reinforced. Signup and view all the answers

What does duration measure in behavior analysis?

The total time extent in which a behavior occurs. Signup and view all the answers

Define ecological assessment.

An assessment protocol acknowledging complex relationships between environment and behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of internal validity in experiments?

The extent to which an experiment demonstrates that behavior changes are due to the independent variable rather than uncontrolled factors. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

A-B-A Design

Withdrawal design; abandoned intervention to observe behavior change.
Ends on baseline condition.

A-B-A-B Design

Reversal design; reintroduces intervention to confirm treatment effects.
Ends on intervention phase to strengthen results.

Abolishing Operation

A motivating operation that temporarily reduces the effectiveness of a stimulus.
Has an abative effect on behavior.

Accuracy

Measures how well observed data reflects the true state of events.
Critical for reliable data interpretation.

Alternating Treatment Design

Rapid alternation between multiple treatments to assess their effectiveness.
Useful for comparing effects on target behavior.

Anecdotal Observation

Continuous direct observation recording behaviors and their antecedent and consequent events.
Captures behaviors in natural environments.

Antecedent

Environmental conditions or stimuli that occur before a target behavior.

Automatic Reinforcement

Occurs independently without mediation from others.
Example: Scratching an itch for relief.

Automaticity of Reinforcement

Behavior changes based on consequences regardless of awareness.

Aversive Stimulus

An unpleasant stimulus that can affect behavior.

Avoidance Contingency

A response that prevents or delays an aversive stimulus.
Example: Opening an umbrella to avoid rain.

Baseline Logic

Experimental reasoning in single-subject designs involving prediction, verification, and replication.

Baseline

A control condition where the independent variable is absent.
Serves as a comparison to observe the effects of the intervention.

Behavior

Described as the interaction of living organisms with their environment, defined by detectable movements resulting in environmental change.

Behavior Change Tactic

A method for altering behavior based on behavioral principles.

Behavior Checklist

A tool listing specific skills with conditions for observation.

Behavior Trap

A network of reinforcements that can induce significant and lasting behavior changes.

Behavioral Cusp

A behavior with profound effects leading to exposure to new environments and learning opportunities.

Behavioral Momentum

Refers to the rate of responding and its resistance to change following altered reinforcement conditions.

Celeration

Change in the rate of responding over time, indicating behavior trends.

Changing Criterion Design

Involves shifting criteria for reinforcement or punishment over successive phases to assess behavior change.

Component Analysis

Experimental designs that allow comparison of multiple treatment effects.

Conditional Probability

Likelihood of a target behavior occurring under specific circumstances.

Conditioned Punisher

A previously neutral stimulus that becomes a punisher through past associations.

Conditioned Reflex

Learned stimulus-response relationship.

Conditioned Reinforcer

A stimulus that gains reinforcing properties through prior pairings with other reinforcers.

Conditioned Stimulus

A previously neutral stimulus that elicits a response after conditioning.

Confounding Variable

Uncontrolled factors affecting the dependent variable's validity.

Consequence

A stimulus change following a behavior of interest.

Contingency

The relationship between operant behavior and its controlling variables.

Contingency/Behavior Contract

Agreement specifying behaviors and reinforcement contingencies between parties.

Functional Analysis Conditions

Assessments involving attention, escape, tangible, and sensory conditions.

Continuous Measurement

Captures all instances of the targeted behavior during observation.

Continuous Reinforcement

Rewarding every instance of the target behavior.

Contrived Mediating Stimulus

An environmental prompt that assists performance in a generalization setting.

Correlation

The degree to which two factors vary together, aiding prediction.

Frequency/Count

The total number of behavior occurrences over time.

Data

Quantified results from measurements.

Data Path

Visualization of behavior levels and trends between data points.

Dependent Group Contingency/Hero Procedure

Group reinforcement based on the behavior of one or select members.

Dependent Variable

Measured outcome in an experiment to assess the impact of independent variable changes.

Deprivation

Refers to an organism's state regarding access to a specific reinforcer.

Functional Definition of Behavior

Identifies behaviors based on their environmental effects rather than intrinsic characteristics.

DRD (Differential Reinforcement of Diminished Responding)

Reinforcement schedule that rewards low rates of responding based on previous performance.

DRH (Differential Reinforcement of High Responding)

Reinforcement schedule rewarding high rates of responding based on previous performance.

DRL (Differential Reinforcement of Low Responding)

Reinforcement follows target behavior if separated by minimum required response time.

Direct Measurement

When the behavior measured aligns with the focus of investigation.

Discontinuous Measurement

Some instances of the response may not be captured during measurement.

Discrete Trial

Response rate is controlled by defined opportunities to emit behavior.

Discriminated Avoidance

Responding to a signal that prevents the onset of aversive stimuli.

Discriminated Operant

Behaviors more frequent under certain antecedent conditions.

Discriminative Stimulus

A stimulus signaling reinforcement availability for specific responses.

Duration

Measurable total time a behavior occurs.

Ecological Assessment

Method considering environmental influences on behavior across contexts.

Environment

The collection of real circumstances where organisms exist; behavior is inseparable from environment.

Escape Contingency

A response that stops or avoids ongoing aversive stimuli.

Establishing Operation

Motivating operation that temporarily enhances the effectiveness of stimuli.

Event Recording

Counting occurrences of behavior through tallies during observation.

Exclusion Time Out

Removing an individual from the environment following unwanted behavior.

Experimental Control

Demonstrates functional relationships by showing predictable changes in behavior due to independent variable manipulation.

Free Operant

Behavior emitted at any time; provided a minimal time for completion.

Rate

Count-to-time ratio indicating behavior frequency.

Functional Analysis

Identifies antecedent and consequences of problem behaviors under experimental conditions.

FBA (Functional Behavior Assessment)

Systematic assessment identifying the functions of problem behavior.

General Case Analysis

Selects diverse examples representing variations in teaching settings for generalization.

Group Contingency

Reinforcement for all based on the behavior of a select person, group, or performance criterion.

Habilitation

Adjustments made to maximize reinforcers and minimize punishers in an individual's repertoire.

Habituation

Reduced response over time to consistent stimuli presentations.

Hallway Time Out

Removal procedure for inappropriate behavior, relocating the student to a hallway.

History of Reinforcement

Refers to past learning experiences that influence behavior.

Independent Group Contingency

Each group's reinforcement depends on individual performance criteria.

Independent Variable

Manipulated variable to assess its effect on the dependent variable.

Indirect Assessments

Gathering information through interviews or checklists without direct observation.

Indiscriminable Contingency

Makes it hard for the learner to predict when reinforcement will occur.

Essential components include capacity, information, and voluntariness for participation in treatments or studies.

Instructional Setting

The learning environment comprises all factors influencing behavior acquisition and generalization.

Interdependent Group Contingency

Joint performance criterion for group reinforcement.

Intermittent Schedule of Reinforcement

Some behavior occurrences yield reinforcement, not all.

Internal Validity

Ability to attribute behavior change reliably to the independent variable without external influences.

Interobserver Agreement

Consistency in observed values reported by different observers.

IRT (Interresponse Time)

Time elapsed between two responses.

Limited Hold

Reinforcement available for a limited time following a fixed-interval or variable-interval schedule.

Magnitude

Represents the intensity or force of an emitted behavior response.

Momentary Time Sampling

Recording behavior presence or absence at specified time intervals.

Motivating Operation

Environmental factors that temporarily alter reinforcement effectiveness and behavior frequency.

Multiple Baseline Design

Consists of concurrent measurements across behaviors before treatment is sequentially applied.### Multiple Exemplar Training
Involves practice with diverse stimulus conditions and response variations.
Ensures acquisition of desired stimulus control and promotes generalization.
Applicable to different settings and types of responses.

Naturally Existing Contingency

Refers to reinforcement or punishment contingencies that operate independently from the behavior analyst's efforts.
Includes social reinforcements contrived by other individuals.

Negative Punishment

Occurs when a response results in the removal of a stimulus, reducing the likelihood of similar responses in the future.
Known as Type II punishment.

Negative Reinforcement

Involves the immediate removal or reduction of a stimulus following a response, which increases the likelihood of the response occurring again.

Neutral Stimulus

Defined as a stimulus that does not trigger any observable behavior.

Non-Parametric Study

Characterized by an independent variable that is either present or absent during a specific study phase.

Noncontingent Reinforcement

A technique in which stimuli with reinforcing properties are delivered on fixed or variable schedules independent of behavior.
Often used as a preventative intervention to mitigate problem behaviors.

Nonexclusion Time Out

A time-out procedure where, contingent on the target behavior, the individual remains in the setting but is denied access to reinforcement for a specified time period.

Normalization

The ideology advocating for the physical and social integration of individuals with disabilities into mainstream society, regardless of their disability degree or type.

Observer Drift

Refers to unintentional changes in how an observer implements a measurement system during research, potentially leading to measurement errors.

Observer Reactivity

Describes how an observer's awareness of being evaluated can influence the data they report.

Ontogeny

Details the developmental history of an individual organism throughout its lifespan.

Operant Behavior

Describes behavior that is shaped, maintained, and controlled by its consequences.
A person's repertoire of operant behavior is determined by their historical interactions with their environment.

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Description

Test your knowledge of ABA concepts with these SAFMEDS flashcards. Each card presents key terms and definitions related to ABA designs and operations, enhancing your understanding of behavioral analysis. Perfect for beginners and advanced learners alike.