Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a small N design?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a small N design?
- Data from different subjects is pooled and combined (correct)
- Requires one or a very few subjects
- Intensively studies the behavior of a few subjects
- Typically measures a subject's behavior many times
What is the primary purpose of a baseline measurement in a small N design?
What is the primary purpose of a baseline measurement in a small N design?
- To determine the duration of the treatment.
- To ensure that the treatment is effective.
- To identify the participant's starting point before treatment. (correct)
- To establish a control group for comparison.
A researcher wants to investigate the effectiveness of a new medication on anxiety. They measure a participant's anxiety levels before and after administering the medication. This is an example of which type of design?
A researcher wants to investigate the effectiveness of a new medication on anxiety. They measure a participant's anxiety levels before and after administering the medication. This is an example of which type of design?
- ABA design (correct)
- Multiple baseline design
- ABABA design
- Large N design
What is the main reason for using an ABABA design instead of an ABA design?
What is the main reason for using an ABABA design instead of an ABA design?
What is a key advantage of using a multiple baseline design?
What is a key advantage of using a multiple baseline design?
A researcher wants to investigate the effectiveness of a new teaching method on student comprehension. They measure student comprehension levels on different topics, such as math and reading, before and after implementing the new teaching method. This is an example of which type of design?
A researcher wants to investigate the effectiveness of a new teaching method on student comprehension. They measure student comprehension levels on different topics, such as math and reading, before and after implementing the new teaching method. This is an example of which type of design?
Why are small N designs often used for studying rare behaviors or conditions?
Why are small N designs often used for studying rare behaviors or conditions?
Which of these is NOT an advantage of small N designs?
Which of these is NOT an advantage of small N designs?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a Changing Criterion Design?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a Changing Criterion Design?
What is the main advantage of using a Discrete Trials Design?
What is the main advantage of using a Discrete Trials Design?
In the example of the architecture student, what was the independent variable in the study?
In the example of the architecture student, what was the independent variable in the study?
What is the primary goal of a Discrete Trials Design?
What is the primary goal of a Discrete Trials Design?
In the study by Irvy and Lebby (1993), what was the dependent variable?
In the study by Irvy and Lebby (1993), what was the dependent variable?
Which of the following is a key feature of a Changing Criterion Design that distinguishes it from other designs?
Which of the following is a key feature of a Changing Criterion Design that distinguishes it from other designs?
How does the Discrete Trials Design differ from the Changing Criterion Design?
How does the Discrete Trials Design differ from the Changing Criterion Design?
Which of the following is NOT a valid application of a Changing Criterion Design?
Which of the following is NOT a valid application of a Changing Criterion Design?
What is the main purpose of establishing a baseline in a Changing Criterion Design?
What is the main purpose of establishing a baseline in a Changing Criterion Design?
Flashcards
Large N Designs
Large N Designs
Require many subjects to pool data, masking individual results.
Small N Designs
Small N Designs
Focus on a few subjects studied intensely over time.
Baseline Measurement
Baseline Measurement
Normal behavior level observed before any experimental manipulation.
ABA Designs
ABA Designs
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ABABA Designs
ABABA Designs
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Multiple Baseline Designs
Multiple Baseline Designs
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Reversal Designs
Reversal Designs
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Effectivity of Treatments
Effectivity of Treatments
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Irreversible Effects
Irreversible Effects
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Changing Criterion Designs
Changing Criterion Designs
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Discrete Trials Design
Discrete Trials Design
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Incremental Behavior Modification
Incremental Behavior Modification
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Reinforcement
Reinforcement
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Auditory Perception Study
Auditory Perception Study
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Left vs. Right Hemisphere
Left vs. Right Hemisphere
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Psychophysical Research
Psychophysical Research
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Experimental Trials
Experimental Trials
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Study Notes
Small N Designs
- Small N designs study the behavior of one or a few subjects intensely, measuring their behavior many times.
- Subjects can be studied over extended periods (weeks, months, years).
- Useful when studying rare populations or behaviors that are difficult to observe in large groups.
- Data from individual subjects is critically examined, not pooled or obscured as in large N studies.
- Often involve intensive sessions/repetitions to confirm results are not due to chance.
- Examples include studying the effectiveness of psychodynamic psychotherapy on pedophiles, or the impact of different teaching methods on student comprehension.
- Baseline measurement(s) of behavior are essential components of design. This serves as a control to assess the impact of an experimental manipulation.
ABA/ABAB Designs
- ABA Design: (Reversal Design) This sequence uses:
- A (baseline): Measures behavior without intervention
- B (intervention): Introduces an experimental condition
- A (baseline again): Removes the intervention to verify that behavior change is linked to the IV.
- ABAB Design: Adds a second application of B (intervention) after the return to A (baseline). A second baseline measurement condition is used to further confirm a correlation between intervention and behavior changes.
Multiple Baseline Designs
- Researchers assess the effect of a treatment on two or more different behaviors, or in different settings for the same behavior.
- Treatment isn't withdrawn, even if positive change occurs (useful in irreversible effects).
- Treatment can be applied sequentially to different behaviors or settings in the same subject.
- An example includes applying a treatment, like teacher positive attention, first to one subject behavior then moving on to another.
Changing Criterion Designs
- Used to modify behavior in stages.
- Success criteria (rewards/reinforcements) are adjusted as the behavior changes.
- Helpful when shaping a particular behavior.
- Example: a basketball team rewarded for punctuality, then gradually for skill improvements.
Discrete Trials Design
- Many trials are presented and averaged to measure effects of an independent variable.
- Repetitive applications provide a reliable picture of IV effects.
- Typically used for psychophysical research.
- Provides repeated trials/conditions to evaluate the effects of the IV.
- An example study investigates if different sides of the brain process different tone frequencies in a more efficient manner.
- The subjects judged whether different frequencies were higher or lower than a target tone presented to either ear.
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