आधुनिक रसायन विज्ञान: तत्वों का वर्गीकरण

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Questions and Answers

परियोजना तालिका में तत्वों को किस आधार पर व्यवस्थित किया गया है?

तत्वों के परमाणु भार के अनुसार

तत्वों के गुणांक के अनुसार

तत्वों के परमाणु संख्या के अनुसार (correct)

तत्वों की बाहरी शेल के अनुसार

संक्रमण धातुओं की विशेषता क्या है?

ये विभिन्न ऑक्साइड अवस्था प्रदर्शित कर सकते हैं (correct)

वे हमेशा दातक होते हैं

वे केवल एक प्रकार के सकारात्मक आयन बना सकते हैं

वे हमेशा उच्च विद्युतीय चालक होते हैं

आल्कलाइन पृथ्वी धातुओं की पहचान क्या है?

ये समूह 1 में स्थित होते हैं

ये सामान्यत: +2 आयन बनाते हैं (correct)

इनमें एकल बाहरी इलेक्ट्रोन होता है

ये इलेक्ट्रॉनों को अपर्क करते हैं

गैर-धातुओं की क्या विशेषता होती है?

ये सामान्यत: नाजुक और विद्युत चालक नहीं होते हैं Signup and view all the answers

परियोजना तालिका में एक ही पंक्ति में तत्व क्या साझा करते हैं?

इन्हें समान इलेक्ट्रॉन शेल होती है Signup and view all the answers

उच्च प्रतिसादशीलता वाली धातुएं कौन सी हैं?

आल्कलाइन धातुएं Signup and view all the answers

धातुओं की साझा विशेषताओं में से कौन सा सच है?

वे आमतौर पर ठोस होते हैं Signup and view all the answers

निष्क्रिय गैसों में कौन सा विशेष गुण होता है?

वे रासायनिक प्रतिक्रिया में शामिल नहीं होते हैं Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Classification of Elements

Elements are pure substances composed of only one type of atom.
Elements are organized into a table called the Periodic Table based on their properties.
The arrangement of elements in the Periodic Table is crucial for understanding their behavior and predicting their chemical reactions.
Elements are classified as metals, nonmetals, or metalloids.
Metallic character generally increases as you move down a group and from right to left across a period.
Nonmetallic character generally increases as you move up a group and from left to right across a period.

Periodic Table

The Periodic Table arranges elements by atomic number, which is the number of protons in an atom's nucleus.
Elements with similar properties are grouped in vertical columns called groups or families.
Elements with similar electronic structures are grouped together.
Elements are arranged horizontally in rows called periods.
Elements in the same period share the same number of electron shells.
The Periodic Table displays a pattern of recurring properties as you move across a period or down a group.
The table can be used to predict the properties of unknown elements.

Metals vs. Nonmetals

Metals are generally good conductors of heat and electricity, malleable (can be hammered into sheets), and ductile (can be drawn into wires).
Nonmetals are generally poor conductors of heat and electricity, brittle, and do not readily form cations.
Metalloids have properties that are intermediate between metals and nonmetals.
Metals tend to lose electrons to form positive ions (cations).
Nonmetals tend to gain electrons to form negative ions (anions).

Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals

Alkali metals are located in Group 1 of the Periodic Table, excluding hydrogen.
These elements are highly reactive, having a single valence electron.
They readily lose an electron to form a +1 ion.
Alkaline earth metals are located in Group 2 of the Periodic Table.
These elements are also reactive, having two valence electrons.
They readily lose two electrons to form a +2 ion.
Both classes of elements form ionic compounds frequently.

Transition Metals

Transition metals are located in the d-block of the Periodic Table.
These metals exhibit a wide variety of properties and are known for their ability to form complex ions and compounds.
Transition metals have variable oxidation states, meaning they can form ions with different positive charges.
They are good conductors of heat and electricity.
Many transition metals are used in various industrial applications, like catalysis and manufacturing tools.

Noble Gases

Noble gases are located in Group 18 of the Periodic Table.
These elements are generally unreactive, exhibiting a stable electron configuration with a full outermost electron shell.
Noble gases exist as monatomic gases at standard conditions and are relatively inert.
They have very low boiling and melting points.
They are commonly used in lighting applications to produce bright colours, like neon signs.

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यह प्रश्नोत्तरी तत्वों के वर्गीकरण और आवर्त सारणी के मौलिक सिद्धांतों पर केंद्रित है। तत्वों के धातु, अधातु और धातुविहीन वर्गीकरण को समझने के लिए अवधारणाएँ प्रस्तुत की गई हैं। इसके अलावा, आवर्त सारणी में तत्वों के क्रम और उनके रासायनिक व्यवहार की भविष्यवाणी के महत्व पर चर्चा की गई है।