आंतरराष्ट्रीय अर्थशास्त्र परिचय

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आंतरराष्ट्रीय अर्थशास्त्रामध्ये खालीलपैकी कशाचा अभ्यास केला जातो?

केवळ जागतिक स्तरावरची चलनविषयक धोरणे

देशा-देशांतील व्यापार, वित्त आणि चलनविषयक धोरणे (correct)

केवळ आयात आणि निर्यात

केवळ देशांतर्गत व्यापार आणि वित्त

तुलनात्मक लाभाचा (Comparative advantage) सिद्धांत काय दर्शवतो?

एका देशाने जास्त संसाधने वापरून वस्तूचे उत्पादन करणे.

एका देशाने दुसऱ्या देशापेक्षा कमी संसाधने वापरून वस्तूचे उत्पादन करणे.

एका देशाने दुसर्‍या देशापेक्षा कमी संधी खर्चात वस्तूचे उत्पादन करणे. (correct)

एका देशाने दुसर्‍या देशापेक्षा जास्त किमतीत वस्तूचे उत्पादन करणे.

संरक्षणवादाचे (Protectionism) मुख्य ध्येय काय आहे?

आयात शुल्क कमी करणे.

आंतरराष्ट्रीय व्यापाराला प्रोत्साहन देणे.

निर्यात वाढवण्यासाठी प्रोत्साहन देणे.

आयातित वस्तूंवर निर्बंध आणणे. (correct)

जागतिक व्यापार संघटनेचे (WTO) मुख्य कार्य काय आहे?

आंतरराष्ट्रीय व्यापार करारांवर देखरेख करणे आणि व्यापारातील वाद मिटवणे. (B) Signup and view all the answers

विशिष्ट घटक मॉडेल (Specific Factors Model) काय दर्शविते?

उत्पादनाच्या घटकांवरील व्यापाराचा परिणाम. (A) Signup and view all the answers

विनिमय दर (Exchange rate) म्हणजे काय?

एका देशाच्या चलनाची दुसऱ्या देशाच्या चलनात किंमत. (A) Signup and view all the answers

चालू खाते (Current account) काय दर्शवते?

वस्तू आणि सेवांमधील व्यापार, उत्पन्न आणि चालू हस्तांतरण. (A) Signup and view all the answers

खालीलपैकी कोणता घटक व्यापार प्रवाहाचा (trade flows) अंदाज लावण्यासाठी 'गुरुत्वाकर्षण मॉडेल' वापरतो?

दोन देशांमधील अंतर आणि आकारमान. (C) Signup and view all the answers

विदेशी प्रत्यक्ष गुंतवणूक (FDI) म्हणजे काय?

परदेशात भौतिक मालमत्तेमध्ये (उदा. कारखाने) गुंतवणूक करणे. (B) Signup and view all the answers

मुक्त अर्थव्यवस्था म्हणजे काय?

ज्यामध्ये आंतरराष्ट्रीय व्यापार आणि भांडवलाची मुक्तपणे हालचाल होते. (A) Signup and view all the answers

खालीलपैकी कोणता पर्याय ‘मुक्त व्यापार क्षेत्र’ (Free Trade Area) दर्शवतो?

सदस्य राष्ट्रांमध्ये आयात शुल्क माफ, पण बिगर सदस्यांवर वेगवेगळे कर. (C) Signup and view all the answers

‘युरोझोन’ म्हणजे काय?

युरोपियन युनियनमधील असे देश जे समान चलन वापरतात. (A) Signup and view all the answers

जागतिकीकरणामुळे (globalization) काय वाढते?

राष्ट्रा-राष्ट्रांमधील आर्थिक संबंध आणि संलग्नता. (D) Signup and view all the answers

आंतरराष्ट्रीय नाणेनिधी (IMF) कोणत्या परिस्थितीत आर्थिक मदत पुरवते?

जेव्हा एखाद्या देशात आर्थिक संकट येते. (D) Signup and view all the answers

‘विनिमय दर प्रणाली’ (exchange rate regimes) काय दर्शवते?

देशांमधील चलनांचे व्यवस्थापन. (D) Signup and view all the answers

आर्थिक स्थिरता (sustainability) म्हणजे काय?

असा विकास करणे ज्यामुळे भविष्यातील पिढ्यांच्या गरजा पूर्ण करण्याची क्षमता अबाधित राहील. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Introduction to International Economics

International economics examines how countries interact economically globally.
It covers international trade, finance, and monetary policies.
Key concepts include comparative advantage, absolute advantage, and gains from trade.
It analyses trade policies like tariffs, quotas, and exchange rate systems.

Trade Theory

Comparative advantage: A country specialises in products where it has a lower opportunity cost compared to other countries.
Absolute advantage: A country produces a good using fewer resources than another country.
Heckscher-Ohlin model: Trade patterns depend on differences in factor endowments (e.g., labour, capital).
Specific factors model: Analyzes how trade influences the return to specific factors of production.
Gravity model: Predicts trade flows based on the sizes and distances between countries.
New trade theory: Increasing returns to scale and network effects influence trade patterns. Economies of scale often boost international trade.
Paul Krugman's work: His studies on imperfect competition and strategic trade suggest government intervention can promote industrial development.

Trade Policy

Protectionism: Government policies aimed at restricting imports.
Tariffs: Taxes on imported goods, raising domestic prices and reducing imports.
Quotas: Limits on the quantity of imported goods.
Subsidies: Government payments to domestic producers, increasing their competitiveness.
Arguments for protectionism: National security, supporting infant industries, and protecting domestic jobs are common arguments.
Free trade agreements (FTAs): Reduce or eliminate tariffs and trade barriers between countries.
World Trade Organization (WTO): Manages international trade agreements and resolves trade disputes.
Dumping: Selling goods below cost in a foreign market to gain market share.

International Finance

Exchange rates: The price of one currency in terms of another.
Floating exchange rates: Exchange rates determined by market forces.
Fixed exchange rates: Governments maintain exchange rates at a set level.
Balance of payments: A record of all economic transactions between a country and the rest of the world.
- Current account: Records trade in goods and services, income, and current transfers.
- Capital account: Records investments and capital flows.
Foreign direct investment (FDI): Investment in physical capital (factories etc.) in a foreign country.
International capital flows: Movement of funds across borders.
Exchange rate regimes: How countries manage their currencies, including fixed, floating, and managed exchange rate systems.
Currency crises: Sudden and significant changes in a currency's value.
International Monetary Fund (IMF): Provides financial aid to countries experiencing economic problems.

Open Economy Macroeconomics

Open economy macroeconomics: Studies the effect of international trade and capital mobility on economic output, employment, inflation, etc.
Mundell-Fleming Model: Examines the interactions between monetary and fiscal policy in open economies.
Exchange rates influence the transmission of economic shocks in open economies.

Regional Economic Integration

Free trade areas (FTAs): Member countries eliminate tariffs among themselves, but they maintain separate barriers against non-members.
Customs unions: Member countries eliminate tariffs, and have a common external tariff towards non-members.
Common markets: Eliminate tariffs, have a common external tariff, and allow free movement of production factors (labour, capital).
Economic unions: Common market with a common currency and unified fiscal policies. Examples include the EU and the USA.
Eurozone: European Union countries using a shared currency.

Global Issues in International Economics

Globalization: Increasing interconnectedness of economies across countries.
Trade liberalization: Reducing trade barriers to promote international trade.
Global financial crises: Financial problems spreading across countries.
International inequality: Significant income differences within and between countries.
Sustainability: Economic development that meets current needs without harming future generations.

Conclusion

International economics is a complex field studying national interactions in the global economy.
Real-world cases and current events highlight the role of international relationships in economics.

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आंतरराष्ट्रीय अर्थशास्त्र देशांच्या जागतिक अर्थव्यवस्थेमध्ये परस्परसंवादाचा अभ्यास करतो. व्यापार, वित्त आणि मोनेटरी धोरण यामध्ये हे क्षेत्र समाविष्ट आहे. मुख्य संकल्पनांमध्ये तुलनात्मक लाभ, पूर्ण लाभ आणि व्यापारातील लाभांचा समावेश आहे.