علم الأدوية: الأدوية، والجرعة، والسموم

• Pharmacology is the study of the effects of chemical substances on living organisms.
• It includes the relationship between the body and the drug.
• It covers both natural and synthetic drugs used to treat diseases and minimize their spread.

Medication Definition

• Medication is any substance or specific combination that has curative or preventive properties.
• It is aimed at human or animal diseases.
• It is also a preparation given to humans for the purpose of healing the disease and restoring the functions of the body to its nature.

Dose / Posologie

• This is the amount of therapeutic drug required.
• It varies depending on several factors:
  • Patient age
  • Patient weight
  • Gender
  • The disease (or illness)
  • Addiction status
  • Patient's physiological condition
  • Genetic factors
  • Method of taking the drug
  • The patient's diet

Toxins

• Toxins are substances that cause disturbances in the body's physiological activity or critical injuries.
• Some toxins are drugs that are given in specific doses.

Pharmacokinetics

• This studies the drug cycle in the body, including its entry, spread, absorption, metabolism, elimination and excretion from the body.
• Absorption is the process of absorption.
• Distribution is the distribution of the drug in the body
• Metabolism is the metabolic process of the drug
• Elimination is the process of getting rid of something.

Pharmaceutical Forms

• These represent the different ways a drug can be administered:
  • Oral route (La voie orale)
  • Blood route/parenteral (La voie parentérale)
  • Mucous membrane route (La voie transmuqueuse)
  • Skin route (La voie percutanée)
  • Lung route (La voie pulmonaire)

Oral Route (La voie orale)

• The oral route is where the drug is given through the mouth, is an easy and frequently used method.
• The drug is absorbed through the digestive system.
• It then passes into the systemic circulation and exerts its effects.
• Advantages include easy administration and low cost.
• Side effects (or disadvantages) includes possible damage to the digestive fluid and possible liver poisoning (hepatotoxicity).

Parenteral Route (La voie parentérale)

• With the parenteral route, the medicine is given directly via injections.
• This avoids the drug needing to pass through the digestive system.
• There are different ways of using the parenteral route via injections.
  • Intravenous route (La voie intraveineuse): Injection directly into the vein, used in emergencies.
  • Subcutaneous (La voie sous cutane): Injection under the skin, slow and gradual effect.
  • Intramuscular (La voie intramusculaire): Injection into the upper outer quadrant of the buttock.
    • Advantages: Rapid effect, not destroyed by digestive fluids as it goes straight into the blood.
    • Disadvantages: Can only be administered by a nurse or doctor.
    • Excluding diabetic patients who take insulin.
    • It is a painful method causing pain most of the time and the possibility of inflammation as a result of the injection.
    • There is a risk of paralysis due to injury to the sciatic nerve.

Transmucosal Route (La voie transmuqueuse)

• This route is through the mucous membranes and can have a local or systemic effect.
• It includes administration through the rectum, evaporation or inhalation, eye, or vagina.

Sublingual Route (La voie sublinguale)

• Here, the drug enters the bloodstream directly
• This way avoids passing through the liver and with a rapid effect.

Serums and their Types

• Serums are liquid solutions given in the following cases:
  • Hydration (Hydratation)
  • To provide treatment (apport thérapeutique)
  • To correct electrolyte and/or metabolic disorders (Correction de troubles électrolytiques et/ou métaboliques)
• Types include:
  • Crystalloid solutions (Solutés cristalloïdes)
  • Colloid solutions (Solutés colloïdes)

Crystalloids

• Contain small sized molecules (mineral salts or sugar) move quickly in blood vessels.

Colloids

• Contain large molecules and stay in blood vessels for a period, draw water from interstitial fluids, help fill blood vessels.

Concentrations of Solutes

• Whether it is Hypotonic, Isotonic, or Hypertonic depends on the concentration of dissolved substances.
  • Hypotonic have fewer molecules than in plasma.
  • Isotonic have the same concentration with plasma
  • Hypertonic have more molecules as plasma.

Crystalloid Solutions

• 0.9% saline solution or Sérum physiologique N/S 0.9% is isotonic.
• It contains 9 g de Nacl/L with an .Osmolarité = 308 mOsm/l
• It is used to maintain IV line, therapeutically give medicine, cases of extracellular dehydration and correction of reduced blood volume, injury to the skull and cardiac arrest.
• It treats metabolic alkalosis, hypochloremia, low sodium, replacement of bowel device and hydration.
• Some things to consider are any contraindications.

Dextrose 5%

• Contains 50 g de glucose/L and is isotonic.
• It ensures intravenous route, rehydration, prevent dehydration, and providing treatment (calories) for malnutrition and can treat lung disease.
• Do not administer if patient has excess fluid in the body.

Dextrose 10%

• Contains 100 g de glucose/L and is hypertonic.
• It can be used to treat hypoglycemia and as a source of calories for dehydration inside and outside of the cell.

Ringer Lactate

• It is hypertonic so make sure to monitor the patient.
• Provides treatment for asthma, respiratory infections, helps prevent worsening of bronchiolitis and pneumonia.
• There are precautions, allergic reactions so be careful.

Amount overused:

• High dosages can cause respiratory failure/lung irritation.

Contraindications of Administration

• Fluid retention, cardiac/breathing arrest and head trauma.

Side Effects

• Increased glucose in urine/ the blood.

Bicarbonate de sodium à 1,4 % used

• Provides sodium, helps regulate acidity. It is isotonic.
• Treat metabolic acidosis, poisoning.

Analgesics - Les antalgiques

• These are painkillers that are separated into three types or degrees.
• The types are:
  • Le palier 1: les antalgiques non opiacés (A basic pain killer)
  • Le palier 2: les antalgiques opioïdes faibles (A mild to moderate strength painkiller)
  • Le palier 3: les antalgiques opioïdes (A strong opioid painkiller)

Les antalgiques non opiacés

• These include:
  • Paracétamol
  • Aspirine
  • Ibuprofène
  • Kétoprofène And Les antalgiques opioïdes faibles

Analgesic (Morphiniques)

• The list includes:
  • Morphin * Fentanyl Oxycodone
  • Buprenorphine
• The strongest kinds

Drug Description

• The use is determined by the extent of each pain.
• And can be as simple as Paracétamol ( For relief)
• Or an injection, which uses the help of Codéine .

Non Steroidal Anti-inflammatories:

• Diclofenac
• Ketoprofen
• Dextropropoxyphene
• Ibuprofen
• Contraindications
  • Allergy
  • Ulcère gastro-duodenal
  • Insuffisance hépatique et rénales sévères

Le Fluoroquinolones(Altered drug):

• Are Antibiotics and have different usages*

Contraindications for use:

Allergic(Allergie)

• Side Effects; Can change how one feels, for worse like an altered mind causing one to have a light heart

: les les antalgiques opioïdes

• Les Morphines drug, that treats the inner pain.*

  • Used to treat short breath, and Insuffisance hépatique sévères.

• Side effects, include allergic. Reactions cutanées allergiques,bronchospasme. Constipation nausées.

• vomissements., that has Bronchospasme within it.*

Advice

• They strongly adv use of this drug cause it has high usage

Medication and indications

• Analgesic (relieves pain)
• Anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties
• Used to treat rheumatism, bones and joints and joint pain.

Contraindications and side effects

• Contraindicated with allergy and stomach ulcer.
• Side effects include digestion issues, headaches

Oral Intake Route:

• Anti-inflammatory, for the Lymph Node.

Antibiotic Def:

• The Anti Def, which contains various types of chemicals, that help prevent the spread of harmful germs. It can be found inside Living organisms.

: Cephalosporin antibiotics

• The Indications, in the following can show, - Inflammation- infections.
• However, the drug has side effects;
• Affects the stomach, is sensitive to others, and causes illness

: les Sulfamides