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• In a graphical analysis of Ohm's Law, the X-Axis represents the independent variable.
• In a graphical analysis of Ohm's Law, the quantity that varies due to changes in the first quantity is plotted on the Y-Axis and is the dependent variable.
• Ohms are to measure resistance.
• String lights with simple dividers and flashlights use series circuits.
• Total circuit resistance in a series circuit equals the sum of all resistances.
• Total voltage across a series circuit equals the sum of the individual voltage drops.
• Power in a series circuit is calculated as Voltage x Current (Vt X It = Pt) which is equal to the sum of individual powers.
• When troubleshooting, the 4th step involves eliminating working functions by localizing the faulty functions.
• A wiggle or tug test helps identify intermittent or loose connections.
• A relay is a mechanical part subject to wear.
• In the six-step troubleshooting procedure, a core principle is that faults need to be isolated and reproducible.
• During Symptom elaboration, a detailed description of the fault should be obtained.
• An intermittent fault is a malfunction that occurs at irregular intervals.
• An open circuit means the flow of current is interrupted.
• Kirchhoff's Law considers current entering a junction to be positive.
• Kirchhoff's Voltage Law states the sum of voltage drops in a series circuit equals the source voltage.
• A parallel circuit has more than one current path next to a common voltage source.
• When using variation analysis to troubleshoot a malfunctioning circuit, if resistance decreases, the current increases.
• Resistance should be measured to determine which functional unit of a multi-unit piece of equipment is at fault.
• When testing individual components, a parallel resistor or diode of a similar value can cause it to appear good.
• Changes in one branch of a parallel circuit affect all branches.
• Variation analysis involves analyzing changes in voltage, current, or resistance.
• A combination circuit contains elements from both series and parallel circuits.
• Wire circuits and schematics are rarely laid out in simple parallel branches where current divides are also called junctions.
• A short circuit generally causes an increase in current, regardless of circuit.
• Lack of current is not a common cause of a fault in a component or circuit.
• An open circuit has a break that prevents current flow.
• A multimeter is the most commonly used testing equipment for circuit malfunctions.
• Localizing faulty functions of a circuit is the step in troubleshooting used to determine what circuit or circuits are at fault.
• Equipment with voltage above 30V is considered high voltage.
• Symptom recognition is the act of identifying a problem when it appears.
• Intermittent faults are difficult to diagnose because the fault can only be identified when it is actively occurring.
• Systematically checking each probable faulty unit until the actual fault is found accomplishes localizing the fault.
• Fault estimation uses information from other steps to estimate the location of trouble.
• If the first check does not isolate the fault, information gained should be used to check the next possible faulty unit.
• Electromagnetism is the generation of a magnetic field around a coil or current-carrying conductor.
• The strength of a coil's magnetic field depends on the number of turns on the wire.
• 100 cycles per second are equal to 100 hertz.
• The period of the waveform defines the time it takes to complete one cycle.
• When two sine waves are precisely in step with one another, they are said to be in phase.
• Ohm's law for current is I=E/R.
• An oscilloscope's CRT section uses control of electron beams to display a pattern of graphical data
• Sweep circuitry adjusts the characteristics of displayed sweep on oscilloscopes.
• Quantities like temperature, pressure, speeds, and acceleration can be translated into voltage and viewed on an oscilloscope.
• A dual-channel input allows an oscilloscope to accept two independent signals at the same time and split on the CRT screen.
• Intenuation probes are oscilloscope probes used for amplitude signals.
• The trigger control allows the user to adjust the stability of an oscilloscope display.
• A function generator is test equipment used to produce signs with a desired frequency and amplitude.
• Waveforms that a function generator may use include all types.
• The function generator soft key to change sine wave or square wave is the Shave tree button (can't hear).
• The Mod Switch modulates amplitude and frequency on a function generator's front panel.
• The information on the current trigger configuration is shown in the Trigger (T) section of the button display.
• An oscilloscope can be used to trace a function generator test signal through equipment.
• Conductance is the characteristic of an electrical circuit conductor that causes changes in value of current, or even to stop.
• The flux linkage is strongest between conductive portions that are closed.
• In addition to copper loss, an iron core conductor has 2 iron losses.
• A self-induced electric mode of force (EMF) is induced by relative motion between a conductor and a magnetic field.
• Eddy current loss is the heating of an inductive iron core by circulating current induced by the magnetic field around the coil.
• When the frequency of an AC current increases, inductive reactance increases.
• Capacitance. is the ability to collect and store energy in an electrostatic field.
• After 1 time constant (TC), a capacitor will have approximately 63% of its full charge.
• Impedance is of greater value, relative to the sum of reactance and resistance values combined.
• Dielectric leakage refers to power loss from a capacitor due to leakage of current through the dielectric component.
• When the frequency of an alternating current increases, capacitive reactance decreases.
• Impedance is the total resistance to current flow in a reactive circuit.
• It takes 5 time constants to fully charge or discharge a capacitor.
• Current is directly proportional to voltage and inversely proportional to resistance.
• Fixed and Variable are the two classes of capacitors.
• Kirchhoff's 2nd law states that the sum of all voltages around any closed loop in a circuit must equal zero.
• The formula to calculate average values for voltage and current is Imax=Emax/R.
• Inductance opposes the starting, stopping, or changing of the value of current.
• In practice, circuits containing reactance also contain resistance.
• The formula to determine the total capacitance of capacitors in an AC circuit is Ct=C1+C2+C3...
• Capacitance is a direct function of the plate area.
• L is the letter used to represent inductance in a formula.

Six Step Troubleshooting Procedure

• Step 2 is symptom elaboration.
• Step 5 is localizing trouble to the circuit.
• Step 1 is symptom recognition.
• Step 3 is listing probable faulty functions.
• E is the letter used to represent voltage.
• When tracing a circuit, the sine the assumed current is has after passing through the component polarity is used.
• L is the letter used to identify inductors.
• The resistance of a series circuit is qual to the sum of the individual resistor values.
• The formula used to find the value of a resistor is E/I.
• Cable lugs are an example of a loose circuit conductor.
• There are 6 troubleshooting steps.
• When testing an open capacitor with a digital multimeter, the multimeter will show some numbers and then display Out Of Limits/ OL.
• OL stands for Out Of Limits.
• When current is present through all components and the output resonates frequency, voltage is a key indicator of a changed value.
• Listing probably faulty functions is the troubleshooting step that applies to equipment with more than 1 functional area or unit.