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Questions and Answers
What is an atom?
What defines an element?
What are the subatomic particles found in the nucleus?
Protons and neutrons
What charge do protons carry?
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What charge do electrons carry?
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What is a mole?
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What are isotopes?
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What is a tracer in chemistry?
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What types of particles carry either positive or negative charges?
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What occurs in a hydrogen bond?
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What do acids do in water?
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What is pH scale used for?
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What are the four categories of molecules?
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What is the primary energy carrier in cells?
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Study Notes
Atoms and Elements
- Atom: The smallest unit of an element retaining its properties.
- Element: The basic substance composing all matter.
- Subatomic particles: Protons and neutrons reside in the nucleus of atoms.
- Electrons: Negatively charged particles orbiting the nucleus in shells.
Charges and Mole Concept
- Protons: Carry a positive charge.
- Electrons: Carry a negative charge.
- Mole: Represents 6.02 x 10^23 particles, known as Avogadro's number, equivalent to the number of carbon atoms in 12 grams of carbon-12.
Isotopes and Radioactivity
- Isotopes: Atoms of the same element with varying neutron numbers.
- Radioactive Isotopes: Elements that decay and release energy.
- Tracer: A small quantity of radioactive isotope used to detect molecular changes.
Chemical Bonds and Molecules
- Molecules: Formed when atoms bond to create a chemical unit.
- Compound: A type of molecule containing different atoms.
- Ionic bond: Formed via electrical attraction between charged particles.
- Covalent bond: Created by sharing electrons between atoms.
Ions and Lattice Structures
- Ions: Charged particles either carrying positive or negative charges.
- Ionic lattice: Structure that dissociates into ions.
Biological Molecules and Health
- Hypertension: Condition characterized by high blood pressure.
- Rickets: Condition resulting in bowed legs due to insufficient calcium.
- Arrhythmia: Irregular heartbeat caused by potassium imbalances.
Electronegativity and Bonding
- Electronegative: Elements that hold onto electrons longer.
- Polar Covalent Bond: Electrons spend more time with the electronegative element.
- Non-Polar Covalent Bond: No electrical charge resulting from equal sharing of electrons.
Molecular Categories
- Inorganic molecules: Compounds lacking carbon.
- Organic molecules: Compounds containing carbon.
Water's Unique Properties
- Hydrogen bond: Formed when a positively charged hydrogen atom is attracted to a negatively charged atom.
- Solvent: A liquid capable of dissolving other substances.
- Hydrophilic: Substances that are water-loving.
- Hydrophobic: Substances that are water-fearing.
Heat and pH
- Specific heat capacity: Energy needed to change an object's temperature by 1°C.
- Heat of vaporization: Energy required for water to convert to steam.
- Acids: Substances that release hydrogen ions in water.
- Bases: Substances that take up hydrogen ions or release hydroxide ions.
- pH scale: Ranges from 0-14 to measure acidity and basicity.
Body Chemistry
- Acidosis: A condition with a pH below 7.35.
- Alkalosis: A condition with a pH above 7.45.
- Buffers: Substances that maintain pH within normal ranges in body fluids.
- Electrolytes: Substances that release ions when dissolved in water.
Macromolecules
- Four categories: Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids.
- Carbohydrates: Provide quick and short-term energy.
- Monosaccharide: The simplest form of sugar.
- Disaccharide: Formed by the combination of two monosaccharides.
- Polysaccharides: Large macromolecules, includes starch, glycogen, cellulose.
Lipids and Fatty Acids
- Lipids: High energy content; serve as long-term energy storage.
- Triglycerides: Fats structured with one glycerol and three fatty acids.
- Phospholipids: Consist of phosphate groups and form cell membranes.
- Saturated/Unsaturated fatty acids: Saturated have single bonds; unsaturated have double bonds.
Proteins Structure
- Proteins: Comprised of amino acids; function in structure, hormones, movement, and enzymatic activity.
- Amino acid: Basic unit of proteins with a central carbon, hydrogen, and functional groups.
- Polypeptides: Chains of amino acids which can fold into secondary and tertiary structures.
Nucleic Acids and Genetic Information
- Nucleic Acid: Macromolecules made of nucleotides that store hereditary information.
- DNA: Forms genetic units (genes), with a sugar-phosphate backbone and paired bases.
- RNA: Involved in protein synthesis by transferring information from DNA.
Energy Carrier
- ATP: The primary energy carrier in cells, essential for metabolic processes.
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Description
This quiz consists of flashcards from Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 2. It covers essential concepts such as atoms, elements, and subatomic particles. Test your knowledge of fundamental biological structures and their properties.
