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Questions and Answers
What is an atom?
What is an atom?
What defines an element?
What defines an element?
What are the subatomic particles found in the nucleus?
What are the subatomic particles found in the nucleus?
Protons and neutrons
What charge do protons carry?
What charge do protons carry?
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What charge do electrons carry?
What charge do electrons carry?
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What is a mole?
What is a mole?
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What are isotopes?
What are isotopes?
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What is a tracer in chemistry?
What is a tracer in chemistry?
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What types of particles carry either positive or negative charges?
What types of particles carry either positive or negative charges?
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What occurs in a hydrogen bond?
What occurs in a hydrogen bond?
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What do acids do in water?
What do acids do in water?
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What is pH scale used for?
What is pH scale used for?
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What are the four categories of molecules?
What are the four categories of molecules?
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What is the primary energy carrier in cells?
What is the primary energy carrier in cells?
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Study Notes
Atoms and Elements
- Atom: The smallest unit of an element retaining its properties.
- Element: The basic substance composing all matter.
- Subatomic particles: Protons and neutrons reside in the nucleus of atoms.
- Electrons: Negatively charged particles orbiting the nucleus in shells.
Charges and Mole Concept
- Protons: Carry a positive charge.
- Electrons: Carry a negative charge.
- Mole: Represents 6.02 x 10^23 particles, known as Avogadro's number, equivalent to the number of carbon atoms in 12 grams of carbon-12.
Isotopes and Radioactivity
- Isotopes: Atoms of the same element with varying neutron numbers.
- Radioactive Isotopes: Elements that decay and release energy.
- Tracer: A small quantity of radioactive isotope used to detect molecular changes.
Chemical Bonds and Molecules
- Molecules: Formed when atoms bond to create a chemical unit.
- Compound: A type of molecule containing different atoms.
- Ionic bond: Formed via electrical attraction between charged particles.
- Covalent bond: Created by sharing electrons between atoms.
Ions and Lattice Structures
- Ions: Charged particles either carrying positive or negative charges.
- Ionic lattice: Structure that dissociates into ions.
Biological Molecules and Health
- Hypertension: Condition characterized by high blood pressure.
- Rickets: Condition resulting in bowed legs due to insufficient calcium.
- Arrhythmia: Irregular heartbeat caused by potassium imbalances.
Electronegativity and Bonding
- Electronegative: Elements that hold onto electrons longer.
- Polar Covalent Bond: Electrons spend more time with the electronegative element.
- Non-Polar Covalent Bond: No electrical charge resulting from equal sharing of electrons.
Molecular Categories
- Inorganic molecules: Compounds lacking carbon.
- Organic molecules: Compounds containing carbon.
Water's Unique Properties
- Hydrogen bond: Formed when a positively charged hydrogen atom is attracted to a negatively charged atom.
- Solvent: A liquid capable of dissolving other substances.
- Hydrophilic: Substances that are water-loving.
- Hydrophobic: Substances that are water-fearing.
Heat and pH
- Specific heat capacity: Energy needed to change an object's temperature by 1°C.
- Heat of vaporization: Energy required for water to convert to steam.
- Acids: Substances that release hydrogen ions in water.
- Bases: Substances that take up hydrogen ions or release hydroxide ions.
- pH scale: Ranges from 0-14 to measure acidity and basicity.
Body Chemistry
- Acidosis: A condition with a pH below 7.35.
- Alkalosis: A condition with a pH above 7.45.
- Buffers: Substances that maintain pH within normal ranges in body fluids.
- Electrolytes: Substances that release ions when dissolved in water.
Macromolecules
- Four categories: Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids.
- Carbohydrates: Provide quick and short-term energy.
- Monosaccharide: The simplest form of sugar.
- Disaccharide: Formed by the combination of two monosaccharides.
- Polysaccharides: Large macromolecules, includes starch, glycogen, cellulose.
Lipids and Fatty Acids
- Lipids: High energy content; serve as long-term energy storage.
- Triglycerides: Fats structured with one glycerol and three fatty acids.
- Phospholipids: Consist of phosphate groups and form cell membranes.
- Saturated/Unsaturated fatty acids: Saturated have single bonds; unsaturated have double bonds.
Proteins Structure
- Proteins: Comprised of amino acids; function in structure, hormones, movement, and enzymatic activity.
- Amino acid: Basic unit of proteins with a central carbon, hydrogen, and functional groups.
- Polypeptides: Chains of amino acids which can fold into secondary and tertiary structures.
Nucleic Acids and Genetic Information
- Nucleic Acid: Macromolecules made of nucleotides that store hereditary information.
- DNA: Forms genetic units (genes), with a sugar-phosphate backbone and paired bases.
- RNA: Involved in protein synthesis by transferring information from DNA.
Energy Carrier
- ATP: The primary energy carrier in cells, essential for metabolic processes.
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Description
This quiz consists of flashcards from Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 2. It covers essential concepts such as atoms, elements, and subatomic particles. Test your knowledge of fundamental biological structures and their properties.
