PSYCH 1200 Chapter 7

atkison shift model

stores = retains information in memory without using it for any specific process control process = the shift in information from one memory to another atkinson shift model = shows haw shifting and changing can occur in the brain match1 = match2

3 memory types

sensory memory = has a large capacity, but is limited in the amount of time it can hold onto information, holds onto all sensory memory short term memory = has a longer memory time stored, but has limited capacity, allows some memories to stay active and some to move on long term memory = has a very large capacity, holds onto memory for a long time, not all information will make its way here and what we will remember is only a small fraction of what we experience match 1 = match 2

a memory store that accurately holds perceptual information for a very brief amount of time

types of sensory memory; iconic

types of sensory memory; echoic

this task focuses on a whole report and a partial report

whole report; memory in limited capacity, where people are shown letters on a flashing screen and told to say how many letters they remember

partial report; where on is shown flashing letters and after would hear a tone, high=top row, medium= middle row, low= bottom row

how do sensory memory and attention interact?

a memory store with a limited capacity(less then one min.)

a task which involves reading out numbers starting at 3 and going to 7, making the numbers harder to remember as the amount of numbers goes up

organizing smaller units of information into larger, more meaningful units

by making information more meaningful there is a higher chance of remembering

a task to test short term memory using two tasks with in,

presenting trigrams

presenting math tasks, not allowing for rehearsal

memories which are stored and held for extended periods of time

long term memory

encoding = getting info in storing = keeping info in retrieval = getting info out match 2 = match1

how are memories stored

this theory explains why when trying to remember something, we can't quite and tend to think of similar things related to what we are trying to remember

the tendency to recall earlier items later from a list

serial positioning effect

primary effect = long term recency effect = short term proactive interference = when old information interferes with new information retroactive interference = when new information interferes with later information

when delay occurs, without the recency effect but the primacy is still there

without the primacy effecting less time is allowed for the reinforce the primacy effect with access to only the lats few items on a list

a model that is a more elaborative on the atikison shiftin model

stores and different subs components and undone control processes

components of the working memory model

phonological loop = working memory for sound visuosputaial skepul = working memory for vision episochic buffer = stores memory from the visual and auditory sectors and understanding and order of things central executive = will decide where resources should be directed to according to the 3 different storing processes

a store component that relies on rehearsal, storing info as sounds

uses articular control processes

the effect where people will remember more one syllable words than 4-5 syllable words for longer periods of time

storage components that maintains visual images and spatial layer cells

uses feature binding or visual chunking

a storage component that combines visual images and sounds from the other components with coherent episodes

the control centre of working memory that coordinates attention

commands and controls things

memories we are aware of consciously

memories not dependent on conscious awareness, we are not aware of

memories that include general knowledge and facts about the world

memories for personal experiences recalled from a first person perspective

reexperiencing or recall of memories

patterns of muscle movements

when previous experience can influence our later behaviours

memory storage

long term potentiation = in the hippocampus, which facilitates memory consolidation = the process of converting short term memories into long term ones cross-cortical storage = long term memories stored in the structures that participate in the organize experience memory storage = how and where memories are stored

the inability to remember what as already known at the onset of amnesia

the inability or limited ability to form new memories after the onset of amnesia

types of tests for amnesia

digit span test = using the same numbers to see if a person can recall them corsi back-tapping test = when the examiner taps a particular sequence on the back episodic recall = not being able to recall anything match 1 = match 2

prolonged exposure to information by reporting it over and over again

the focus on surface level quantities

focus on the meaning

the strategy of focusing on meaning and connection to be remembered with information already stored in the memory

incidental vs, intentional learning

learning about the world = explicit learning
finding the word = implicit learning
counting the number of letters = implicit learning
how pleasant = implicit learning

the effect that focuses on information related to oneself and well being, making it more easy to remember

identifying a stimulus of piece of information when its is presented

does one recognize It

used on multiple choice tests

information when asked but without when the information is not presented

generating information freely

when given a prompt for recall

recall will be most effective when not in the presence of context encoding

False

learning information in one context and recalling it in another

having the same physiological state during learning or a test

having the same mood during a test and while learning

the change in contact can cause one to forget what they were supposed to be doing

by reintroducing the context, the originally generated thought can be generated, allowing for retrieval

when entering a new context humans can become mixed up causing them to forget things they once thought they knew

True

a concept coined by Herman ebbinghouse

the idea that we lose what we have learned rapidly during the first hour, eventually levelling out allowing us to retain what we had previously learned

who demonstrated the idea of the forgetting curve by measuring their own recall for words

improvement of memory

minomoics = techniques that are intended to improve memory for specific information acronyms = taking the first letter of each word to create a new one first letter technique = taking the first letter and making them meanignful match 2 = match2

improving memory

dual coding = when information is stored in more then one form cue overload = using visual images method of locks = connecting items to be remembered to a point along a path match 1 = match 2

why is organization important

all of the above

improving studying

testing effect = taking a practice tests to improve preformance spacing effect = material is better recalled when studied over a long period of time, short sessions spaced apart instead of one long session desirable difficulties = requires effort and deep processing note taking = learning through desirable difficulties, forcing main points, and active learning while engaging attention and working memory, and refreshes memory

understanding will ...

all of the above

organized categories of information that gets activated by events object or ideas

help find short cuts

help supplement incomplete memories

when we first recognize general schemas then add in specific details as they are needed

what are consistent schemas

consent ideas or outlooks

what are inconsistent schemas

schemas that don't fit with our expectations

errors in memory with a tendency to change schema consistent

memory errors

the effect which occurs when information occurs after an event has passed, becomes part of a memory for that event

misinformation effect

DRM procedure

recalling the critical lure, where you are given a list of words but the theme is not given, we just atomically assume

errors where other judgement intrudes into the event

intrusion errors

false memories

imagination Inflation = increased confidence in the false memory do to the imagination of the event reality monitoring errors = the inability to distinguish memories from event which has actually occurred or haven't occurred intrusion errors = where other knowledge intrudes in on a event reconstructive memory = integrating new memories into existing ones

the ability to know where a memory comes from

source memory

the inability to properly attribute where a memory originated

source monitoring errors

being exposed to a stimulus repeatedly can increase later preference

mere exposure effect

why is eye witness testimony so unreliable

people can misidentify and misreport a memory

how should police line ups be conducted

show those fitting a general description

simultaneous line ups

A&B