PSYCH 1200 Chapter 7
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atkison shift model

stores = retains information in memory without using it for any specific process control process = the shift in information from one memory to another atkinson shift model = shows haw shifting and changing can occur in the brain match1 = match2

3 memory types

sensory memory = has a large capacity, but is limited in the amount of time it can hold onto information, holds onto all sensory memory short term memory = has a longer memory time stored, but has limited capacity, allows some memories to stay active and some to move on long term memory = has a very large capacity, holds onto memory for a long time, not all information will make its way here and what we will remember is only a small fraction of what we experience match 1 = match 2

a memory store that accurately holds perceptual information for a very brief amount of time

types of sensory memory; iconic

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types of sensory memory; echoic

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this task focuses on a whole report and a partial report

  • whole report; memory in limited capacity, where people are shown letters on a flashing screen and told to say how many letters they remember
  • partial report; where on is shown flashing letters and after would hear a tone, high=top row, medium= middle row, low= bottom row

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how do sensory memory and attention interact?

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a memory store with a limited capacity(less then one min.)

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a task which involves reading out numbers starting at 3 and going to 7, making the numbers harder to remember as the amount of numbers goes up

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organizing smaller units of information into larger, more meaningful units

  • by making information more meaningful there is a higher chance of remembering

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a task to test short term memory using two tasks with in,

  • presenting trigrams
  • presenting math tasks, not allowing for rehearsal

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memories which are stored and held for extended periods of time

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long term memory

<p>encoding = getting info in storing = keeping info in retrieval = getting info out match 2 = match1</p> Signup and view all the answers

how are memories stored

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this theory explains why when trying to remember something, we can't quite and tend to think of similar things related to what we are trying to remember

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the tendency to recall earlier items later from a list

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serial positioning effect

<p>primary effect = long term recency effect = short term proactive interference = when old information interferes with new information retroactive interference = when new information interferes with later information</p> Signup and view all the answers

when delay occurs, without the recency effect but the primacy is still there

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without the primacy effecting less time is allowed for the reinforce the primacy effect with access to only the lats few items on a list

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a model that is a more elaborative on the atikison shiftin model

  • stores and different subs components and undone control processes

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components of the working memory model

<p>phonological loop = working memory for sound visuosputaial skepul = working memory for vision episochic buffer = stores memory from the visual and auditory sectors and understanding and order of things central executive = will decide where resources should be directed to according to the 3 different storing processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

a store component that relies on rehearsal, storing info as sounds

  • uses articular control processes

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the effect where people will remember more one syllable words than 4-5 syllable words for longer periods of time

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storage components that maintains visual images and spatial layer cells

  • uses feature binding or visual chunking

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a storage component that combines visual images and sounds from the other components with coherent episodes

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the control centre of working memory that coordinates attention

  • commands and controls things

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memories we are aware of consciously

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memories not dependent on conscious awareness, we are not aware of

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memories that include general knowledge and facts about the world

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memories for personal experiences recalled from a first person perspective

  • reexperiencing or recall of memories

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patterns of muscle movements

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when previous experience can influence our later behaviours

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memory storage

<p>long term potentiation = in the hippocampus, which facilitates memory consolidation = the process of converting short term memories into long term ones cross-cortical storage = long term memories stored in the structures that participate in the organize experience memory storage = how and where memories are stored</p> Signup and view all the answers

the inability to remember what as already known at the onset of amnesia

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the inability or limited ability to form new memories after the onset of amnesia

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types of tests for amnesia

<p>digit span test = using the same numbers to see if a person can recall them corsi back-tapping test = when the examiner taps a particular sequence on the back episodic recall = not being able to recall anything match 1 = match 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

prolonged exposure to information by reporting it over and over again

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the focus on surface level quantities

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focus on the meaning

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the strategy of focusing on meaning and connection to be remembered with information already stored in the memory

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incidental vs, intentional learning

<ol> <li>learning about the world = explicit learning</li> <li>finding the word = implicit learning</li> <li>counting the number of letters = implicit learning</li> <li>how pleasant = implicit learning</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

the effect that focuses on information related to oneself and well being, making it more easy to remember

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identifying a stimulus of piece of information when its is presented

  • does one recognize It
  • used on multiple choice tests

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information when asked but without when the information is not presented

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generating information freely

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when given a prompt for recall

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recall will be most effective when not in the presence of context encoding

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

learning information in one context and recalling it in another

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having the same physiological state during learning or a test

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having the same mood during a test and while learning

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the change in contact can cause one to forget what they were supposed to be doing

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by reintroducing the context, the originally generated thought can be generated, allowing for retrieval

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when entering a new context humans can become mixed up causing them to forget things they once thought they knew

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

a concept coined by Herman ebbinghouse

  • the idea that we lose what we have learned rapidly during the first hour, eventually levelling out allowing us to retain what we had previously learned

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who demonstrated the idea of the forgetting curve by measuring their own recall for words

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improvement of memory

<p>minomoics = techniques that are intended to improve memory for specific information acronyms = taking the first letter of each word to create a new one first letter technique = taking the first letter and making them meanignful match 2 = match2</p> Signup and view all the answers

improving memory

<p>dual coding = when information is stored in more then one form cue overload = using visual images method of locks = connecting items to be remembered to a point along a path match 1 = match 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

why is organization important

<p>all of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

improving studying

<p>testing effect = taking a practice tests to improve preformance spacing effect = material is better recalled when studied over a long period of time, short sessions spaced apart instead of one long session desirable difficulties = requires effort and deep processing note taking = learning through desirable difficulties, forcing main points, and active learning while engaging attention and working memory, and refreshes memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

understanding will ...

<p>all of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

organized categories of information that gets activated by events object or ideas

  • help find short cuts
  • help supplement incomplete memories

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when we first recognize general schemas then add in specific details as they are needed

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what are consistent schemas

<p>consent ideas or outlooks</p> Signup and view all the answers

what are inconsistent schemas

<p>schemas that don't fit with our expectations</p> Signup and view all the answers

errors in memory with a tendency to change schema consistent

<p>memory errors</p> Signup and view all the answers

the effect which occurs when information occurs after an event has passed, becomes part of a memory for that event

<p>misinformation effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

DRM procedure

<p>recalling the critical lure, where you are given a list of words but the theme is not given, we just atomically assume</p> Signup and view all the answers

errors where other judgement intrudes into the event

<p>intrusion errors</p> Signup and view all the answers

false memories

<p>imagination Inflation = increased confidence in the false memory do to the imagination of the event reality monitoring errors = the inability to distinguish memories from event which has actually occurred or haven't occurred intrusion errors = where other knowledge intrudes in on a event reconstructive memory = integrating new memories into existing ones</p> Signup and view all the answers

the ability to know where a memory comes from

<p>source memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

the inability to properly attribute where a memory originated

<p>source monitoring errors</p> Signup and view all the answers

being exposed to a stimulus repeatedly can increase later preference

<p>mere exposure effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

why is eye witness testimony so unreliable

<p>people can misidentify and misreport a memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

how should police line ups be conducted

<p>show those fitting a general description</p> Signup and view all the answers

simultaneous line ups

<p>A&amp;B</p> Signup and view all the answers

what are sequential line ups

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