76 Questions
What is the clinical indication for using anti-ChEs in patients with myasthenia gravis?
Reversal of paralysis induced by competitive neuromuscular blocking drugs
Which anti-AchE is used as a diagnostic tool for myasthenia gravis?
Edrophonium
Which anti-AchE is composed of a carbamic acid and a phenol bearing a quaternary ammonium group?
Neostigmine
Which anti-AchE is the only irreversible inhibitor used therapeutically for glaucoma?
Echothiophate
Which anti-AchE is a plant alkaloid and a reversible anit-AchE?
Physostigmine
Which anti-AchE has a short duration of action and is limited to the peripheral nervous system?
Edrophonium
What is the common use of carbaryl?
Insecticide
Which irreversible AchE inhibitors are used as insecticides?
Parathion and malathion
Which anti-ChEs can be used in the treatment of Alzheimer's Disease?
Donepezil, Rivastigmine
What is the purpose of administering pralidoxime before exposure to an organophosphate?
To prevent the aging response due to the organophosphate
What is the recommended treatment for cholinergic crisis?
Discontinuing the AchE inhibitor
Which type of drug is used in the treatment of Alzheimer's Disease?
Galantamine
What is the purpose of atropine when given with pralidoxime?
To counteract the potential muscarinic effects of pralidoxime
What is the purpose of edrophonium in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis?
To see if someone has myasthenia gravis
What is the main difference between direct-acting and indirect-acting cholinergic drugs?
Indirect-acting drugs activate muscarinic and/or nicotinic receptors
What is the purpose of pyridostigmine in the treatment of myasthenia gravis?
To treat myasthenia gravis
What is the result of myasthenia crisis?
Severe muscle weakness and possibly respiratory muscle paralysis
What is the purpose of plasmapheresis in the treatment of myasthenia gravis?
To remove auto-antibodies
What is the effect of pralidoxime on the blood-brain barrier?
It can't cross the blood-brain barrier
Which medication is preferred for paralytic ileus and urinary bladder atony?
Neostigmine
Which medication is the last line of defense for open-angle glaucoma?
Echothiophate
What type of medications are used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis?
Glucocorticoids and immunosuppressive agents
Which medications can be used to improve cognitive function in Alzheimer's Disease?
Donepezil, galantamine, and rivastigmine
What condition should neostigmine not be used for?
All of the above
Which type of cholinergic antagonist is used for eye exams and Parkinson's disease?
Muscarinic antagonists
What is the clinical indication for using atropine?
Treatment of poisoning by organophosphate nerve agents
What is the onset of action for atropine?
30 minutes to 1 hour
Which type of cholinergic antagonist lacks receptor subtype selectivity?
Muscarinic antagonists
What is the clinical indication for using muscarinic antagonists in the treatment of hypermotility of gastrointestinal tract?
Irritable bowel syndrome
What is the purpose of atropine in the treatment of organophosphate poisoning?
To counteract the effects of anti-cholinesterase activity
What is the primary use of scopolamine?
Treatment of motion sickness
Why is scopolamine not used as eye drops?
It induces mydriasis with an extremely long recovery
What is a potential use of scopolamine in chemotherapy?
Treatment of nausea and vomiting
What are the adverse effects of scopolamine?
Drowsiness and sedation
What is the primary effect of scopolamine on the body?
Induces mydriasis
What is the pharmacokinetic property of scopolamine?
It crosses the BBB
What is the clinical indication for using tropicamide?
To determine refractive index
What are the side effects of tropicamide?
Mydriasis and cycloplegia
What is the clinical indication for using benztropine?
To treat tardive dyskinesia
What is the clinical indication for using oxybutynin and trospium?
To treat overactive bladder
What is the primary use of scopolamine?
To prevent motion sickness
What is the purpose of plasmapheresis in the treatment of myasthenia gravis?
To remove autoantibodies
What is the pharmacodynamic effect of oxybutynin and trospium?
Antagonizes M1/M3 receptors (↓IP3 and DAG)
What is the main adverse effect of darifenacin and solifenacin?
Dry mouth
Which medication is used as an adjunct therapy to BPH if there is an increase in urinary frequency?
Darifenacin
What is the pharmacokinetic advantage of trospium over other medications in its class?
Less CNS effect due to quaternary amine group
What are the adverse effects of trospium?
Constipation, xerostomia, decreased perspiration
What are the severe side effects of darifenacin and solifenacin?
Urinary retention, QT prolongation, hallucinations, and glaucoma
What is the clinical indication for using darifenacin and solifenacin?
Overactive bladder with symptoms of urge urinary incontinence, urgency and frequency
What are the adverse effects of glycopyrrolate?
Dry mouth, urinary retention, headaches, blurry vision
What is the primary pharmacotherapeutic effect of ipratropium and tiotropium?
Reduce bronchospasm and bronchial secretions
How is glycopyrrolate administered?
Inhalation, nebulizer, or intranasal
What are the adverse effects of ipratropium and tiotropium?
Dry nose/mouth, cough, headache
What is the potential risk associated with glycopyrrolate use?
Hyperthermia or heat stroke due to reduction in sweating
What is the purpose of formulating glycopyrrolate with budesonide and formoterol?
Treatment of COPD
What is the primary pharmacotherapeutic effect of ipratropium and tiotropium on postnasal drip?
Reduces postnasal drip
Which drugs are selective for M2/M3 antagonists and used to treat overactive bladder?
Tolterodine and Fesoterodine
What is the clinical indication for using glycopyrrolate topically?
To reduce excessive sweating
What is the clinical indication for using dicyclomine?
To treat irritable bowel syndrome
Which drug can be given topically, inhalational, or systemic (IV, IM) to reduce airway secretions, gastric secretions, and block inhibitory reflexes during the induction of anesthesia and intubation?
Glycopyrrolate
What is the primary clinical indication for using an oral solution of glycopyrrolate in children and adolescents?
To help with excessive drooling
Which drug is a pro-drug and broken down into the active metabolite tolterodine by plasma esterases, and also requires hydroxylation by CYP2D6?
Fesoterodine
Which drug has partial antagonism of bradykinin and histamine, and can be utilized in reducing secretions such as salivary, sweating, bronchial, and gastric secretions?
Dicyclomine
What is the clinical indication for using mecamylamine?
Treatment of essential hypertension
What is the primary use of non-depolarizing neuromuscular blockers?
Muscle paralysis for surgical procedures
What is the effect of nicotinic receptor antagonists on cardiovascular system?
Decrease in arteriolar and venous tone, decrease in blood pressure, tachycardia
What is the effect of nicotinic receptor antagonists on the gastrointestinal tract?
Inhibits motility, constipation
What is the primary use of depolarizing neuromuscular blockers?
Muscle paralysis for surgical procedures
What is the effect of nicotinic receptor antagonists on the urinary tract?
Urinary retention
What are the CNS effects of nicotinic receptor antagonists?
Sedation, tremor, choreiform movements, mental aberration
Which of the following neuromuscular blockers is a depolarizing agent?
Succinylcholine
What is the therapeutic use of spasmolytics?
Surgical relaxation
Which receptor is targeted by dantrolene, a spasmolytic drug?
Ryanodine
What is the potential adverse effect of neuromuscular blockers?
Respiratory paralysis
What is the pharmacodynamic effect of botulinum toxin?
Inhibitor of Ach release
What are the therapeutic uses of botulinum toxin?
All of the above
Test your knowledge of reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitors with this quiz! Learn about the different types of anti-AchEs, their structures, and their uses as diagnostic tools. Keywords: reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, anti-AchEs, physostigmine, neostigmine, edrophonium.
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