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Questions and Answers

Izaki bizidunen jatorriari buruzko teoria ezagunenetako bat zein da?

  • Berezko sorrera
  • Sintesi abiotikoa
  • Eboluzio biotiko (correct)

Zer da Eboluzioaren ebidentziarik garrantzitsuenetako bat?

Fosilak

Zein teoriaren arabera, izaki bizidunak pixkanakako aldaketa txikiek sortzen dituzte?

  • Teoria Neodarwinista (correct)
  • Darwinismoa
  • Lamarckismoa

Oreka puntuatuaren teoriaren arabera, eboluzio prozesua beti da gradual eta etengabekoa.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Zer da mutazio bat?

<p>Material genetikoaren aldaketa egonkorra eta heredagarria</p> Signup and view all the answers

Zein prozesuak eragiten du populazio batean aleloen maiztasunen aldaketa?

<p>Hauek guztiak (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Abiogenesis

The theory that living organisms arise from non-living matter.

Abiotic synthesis

The process where simple molecules form organic molecules, but not living organisms.

Coacervates

Collections of organic molecules surrounded by a boundary, resembling early cells.

RNA

The first self-replicating and catalytic molecule that may have been essential for early life.

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Eobiont

The hypothesized first cell.

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Prokaryotic cell

A simple cell without a nucleus, found early in life evolution.

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Heterotrophic

An organism that obtains energy by consuming other organisms.

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Autotrophic

An organism that can produce its own food, often by photosynthesis.

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Photosynthetic

A process where light energy is used to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose, releasing oxygen as a byproduct.

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Lamarckism

An early theory of evolution proposing that traits acquired during an organism's life can be passed down to offspring.

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Darwinism

The theory of evolution by natural selection, proposing that advantageous traits increase survival and reproduction.

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Natural Selection

The process where organisms with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on those traits.

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Adaptation by natural selection

Evolution through natural selection, where advantageous traits lead to greater reproductive success.

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Common ancestor

An ancestral organism from which multiple species have evolved.

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Fossil record

The preserved remains or traces of past organisms, providing evidence for evolutionary change.

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Homologous structures

Structures with similar underlying patterns, found in related species, suggesting common ancestry.

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Phylogenetic tree

A branching diagram representing evolutionary relationships among species.

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Neutral Theory

A theory stating that most mutations are neutral, having no significant effect on fitness.

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Punctuated equilibrium

A theory suggesting that evolution occurs in bursts of rapid change followed by long periods of stability.

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Genetic drift

Random fluctuations in allele frequencies within a population, especially in small populations

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Mutation

A heritable change in an organism's DNA

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Gene flow

Transfer of genetic materials between or within two populations

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Allele frequency

The proportion of a particular allele in a population.

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Study Notes

Izaki Bizidunen Jatorria, Eboluzioa eta Sailkapena

  • Jatorriari buruzko teoriak:
    • Berezko sorrera: Izaki bizidunak materia bizigabetik sortzen direla uste zuten hasierako zientzialariek.
    • Sintesi abiotikoa: Molekula sinpleetatik abiatuta, molekula organikoetarako prozesu ebolutiboa. Izaki bizidunak ez dira lehenengo pausu horretan.
    • Lur planetako lehen atmosferako gasen (metanoa, amonia, ura) papera: Molekula organiko sinpleen sintesia egin zuten.
    • Makromolekulen sorrera: Molekula organiko sinpleak erreakzionatu eta makromolekulak sortu ziren.
    • Koazerbatuak: Makromolekulak mintzez mugatutako globulutan elkartu ziren.
    • Eobiontea: Lehenengo zelula.
    • Eboluzio biotikoa: Prokarioto anaerobio heterotrofotik, prokarioto autotrofo fotosintetikoetara eta azkenik eukariotoetara.
    • Denbora tarteak (milioi urteetan):
      • Eobiontea (-4.000 m.u.)
      • Zelula prokarioto anaerobio heterotrofoa (-3.500 m.u.)
      • Zelula prokarioto autotrofo fotosintetikoa (-2.500 m.u.)
      • Zelula eukariotoa (-1.800 m.u.)

Teoria Eboluzionista

  • Lamarckismoa (XIX):

    • Fosiletan oinarritua
    • Aurrerapenaren printzipioa: Izaki bizidun sinpleak berez sortzen dira.
    • Erabilaren eta ez erabilaren legea: Organoaren erabilerak garatzen du eta ez erabilerak galtzen.
    • Hartutako ezaugarriak transmititzeko printzipioa: Transmisioa ondorengoei.
  • Darwinismoa (XIX):

    • Darwin & Wallace
    • Aldakortasuna: Populazio bateko indibiduoek ez dira berdinak.
    • Bizirauteko borroka: Baliabideak lortzeko lehia.
    • Hautespen naturala: Ingurunean ongi egokitzen diren banakoak bizirauten eta ugaltzen dira.
  • Darwin-en ondorioak:

    • Espezie guztiek jatorri komuna dute.
    • Aldaketak astiro eta pixkanaka gertatzen dira.

Eboluzioaren ebidentzia

  • Anatomikoa: Egitura eta organoen alderaketa.
  • Paleontologikoa: Fosilak.
  • Biogeografikoa: Banaketa geografikoari buruzko informazioa.
  • Biokimikoa: Proteinak eta DNA alderaketen bidez.
  • Embriologikoa: Enbrioien garapenaren alderaketa.

Evoluzioaren prozesua

  • Teoria Neodarwinista / Teoria Sintetikoa (XX):

    • Mutazio txikien pilaketa bidezko aldaketak.
    • Hautespen naturala.
    • Antzinako espeziek aldaketek pixkanaka espezie berriak sortu ziren arte.
  • Oreka puntuatuaren teoria (XX): Eboluzioa ez da pixkanaka gertatzen.

  • Teoria neutralista: Mutazio gehienak neutroak dira ez dute eraginik fenotipoan.

  • Eboluzioaren oinarri genetikoa:

    • Populazioetan denboran zehar aldaketa genetikoak.
    • Aldakortasun genetikoa: Alelo berrienen agerpena.
      • Mutazioak: Material genetiko aldaketa heredagarriak.
      • Ugalketa sexuala: Gametoen truke ugalketatik.
  • Maiztasun genikoa: Alelo bakoitzeko proportzioa populazio batean.

  • Faktortzat hartu beharreko prozesuak populazioaren maiztasun genikoak aldatzeko:

    • Hautespen naturala
    • Geneen jitoagatik (erandaltze ausazkoa)
    • Migrazioagatik (populazioen arteko mugimendua).

Gainerako informazioa

  • Adibideak (Irudiak) erabiltzen dira informazioa argitzeko.
  • Geneen probabilitateen inguruko kalkuluak daude (adib. A x B probabilitateen kalkulua).

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