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Questions and Answers
All of the following may cause arterial hypotension in a surgical patient except:
All of the following may cause arterial hypotension in a surgical patient except:
The anesthesiologist evaluates the patient's oxygenation and carbon dioxide removal by measuring arterial:
The anesthesiologist evaluates the patient's oxygenation and carbon dioxide removal by measuring arterial:
Which statement is not true about fluids?
Which statement is not true about fluids?
The center which regulates the rhythm of respirations is located in the:
The center which regulates the rhythm of respirations is located in the:
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In surgical patients, the most common cause of shock is oligemia which is a/an:
In surgical patients, the most common cause of shock is oligemia which is a/an:
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Which of the following may cause apnea?
Which of the following may cause apnea?
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Which statement is not true about the sino-atrial node?
Which statement is not true about the sino-atrial node?
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Oxygen is carried in the blood:
Oxygen is carried in the blood:
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After cardiovascular surgery, hypocalcemia may result from ______ and hyperkalemia may result from ______.
After cardiovascular surgery, hypocalcemia may result from ______ and hyperkalemia may result from ______.
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The basic approach to the treatment of postoperative shock is to:
The basic approach to the treatment of postoperative shock is to:
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An accurate index of cardiac performance is:
An accurate index of cardiac performance is:
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Solutions whose volumes and pressures remain the same if the two solutions are separated by a membrane are:
Solutions whose volumes and pressures remain the same if the two solutions are separated by a membrane are:
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To produce inspiration, ______ pressure must be lower than ______ pressure; it must be ______ to produce expiration.
To produce inspiration, ______ pressure must be lower than ______ pressure; it must be ______ to produce expiration.
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In a two-bottle water seal suction setup for chest drainage, the first bottle provides ______ and the second provides the ______.
In a two-bottle water seal suction setup for chest drainage, the first bottle provides ______ and the second provides the ______.
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Operating for empyema include:
Operating for empyema include:
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Following open heart surgery, drainage catheters may be inserted into:
Following open heart surgery, drainage catheters may be inserted into:
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The blood component administered to patient with a clotting problem is:
The blood component administered to patient with a clotting problem is:
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Which of the following statements concerning erythrocytes (RBC) is not true?
Which of the following statements concerning erythrocytes (RBC) is not true?
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Which of the following statements concerning the lymphatic system is not true?
Which of the following statements concerning the lymphatic system is not true?
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The continuous rhythmic lavage of the bladder to stimulate reflex control is:
The continuous rhythmic lavage of the bladder to stimulate reflex control is:
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Edema can result from:
Edema can result from:
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Which of the following methods are not used to control blood loss in the OR?
Which of the following methods are not used to control blood loss in the OR?
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The main indication for dialysis in renal failure is a high ______. The methods of dialysis are ______ and ______.
The main indication for dialysis in renal failure is a high ______. The methods of dialysis are ______ and ______.
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A patient receiving IV therapy develops shortness of breath with increased respiratory rate and blood pressure. The diagnosis is ______ and the nurse should ______.
A patient receiving IV therapy develops shortness of breath with increased respiratory rate and blood pressure. The diagnosis is ______ and the nurse should ______.
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All of the following are function of the spleen except:
All of the following are function of the spleen except:
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Study Notes
Arterial Hypotension in Surgical Patients
- Hypoxia, transfusion reaction, and malignant hyperthermia can lead to arterial hypotension, while hypervolemia typically increases blood pressure.
Evaluation of Oxygenation and CO2 Removal
- Anesthesiologists assess oxygenation and carbon dioxide removal through arterial pH, pCO2, and pO2 measurements; H2CO3 is calculated, not measured.
Fluid and Electrolyte Management
- Extracellular fluids include interstitial fluid and blood plasma.
- Hypovolemia indicates a deficit in both water and electrolytes; dehydration results in increased packed cell volume and hemoglobin.
Respiratory Regulation
- The pons regulates the rhythm of respirations alongside the medulla oblongata.
Causes of Shock in Surgical Patients
- Oligemia, or a deficiency in circulating blood volume, is the most common cause of shock in surgical patients.
Triggers for Apnea
- Apnea can result from pharyngeal irritation, sudden cold stimulation, or sudden painful stimuli.
Sino-Atrial Node Function
- The sino-atrial (SA) node, located in the right atrium, is the heart's pacemaker that initiates atrial contractions. Impulses from the SA node go to the atrioventricular (AV) node, not directly to the bundle of His.
Oxygen Transport in Blood
- Oxygen is carried in the blood as both dissolved in plasma and bound to hemoglobin.
Postoperative Electrolyte Imbalances
- Hypocalcemia post-cardiovascular surgery arises from multiple transfusions of citrated blood; hyperkalemia can result from red cell breakdown during pump perfusion.
Treatment of Postoperative Shock
- The primary approach to treating postoperative shock involves determining the cause, followed by targeted interventions.
Cardiac Performance Assessment
- Central venous pressure (CVP) serves as an accurate index of cardiac performance and reflects the filling pressure of the right heart.
Isotonic Solutions
- Isotonic solutions maintain equal volumes and pressures when separated by a membrane due to equivalent osmotic pressure.
Mechanics of Breathing
- Inspiration occurs when intrathoracic pressure is lower than atmospheric pressure; expiration requires a higher intrathoracic pressure.
Chest Drainage Systems
- In a two-bottle chest drainage setup, the first bottle provides water seal and collects drainage; the second regulates suction control.
Surgical Management of Empyema
- Thoracoplasty and decortication of the lung are surgical options for treating empyema by addressing the fibrous tissue and allowing lung expansion.
Drainage Catheter Placement After Surgery
- After open-heart surgery, drainage catheters are commonly placed in the pericardium and anterior mediastinum to prevent complications.
Clotting Problems and Blood Components
- Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP) is administered to patients with clotting problems, as it contains essential coagulation factors.
Erythrocyte Production
- Erythrocytes are produced prior to birth in the liver and spleen, and not solely in the bone marrow after birth.
Lymphatic System Function
- Lymph nodes filter lymph fluid, play a key immune role, and do not act as absorbers and diffusers.
Bladder Control Techniques
- Tidal drainage serves as a method for continuous rhythmic lavage of the bladder to stimulate reflex control.
Causes of Edema
- Edema can arise from kidney disease, severe burns, and lymphatic or venous blockages due to fluid imbalance and increased hydrostatic pressure.
OR Blood Loss Control Methods
- Deoxydized cellulose and cotton pledgets are utilized in the OR for controlling blood loss, alongside other methods like electrocoagulation.
Indications for Dialysis
- High serum potassium levels indicate the need for urgent dialysis, employing methods like hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis.
IV Therapy Complications
- Symptoms like shortness of breath and increased respiratory rate may indicate circulatory overload, necessitating a reduction in IV flow rate.
Spleen Functions
- The spleen acts as a blood reservoir, participates in hemopoiesis, and helps in the destruction of damaged red blood cells, but does not stabilize arterial flow.
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Description
Study for the ABSA Surgical Assistant Exam
