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Questions and Answers
Which of the following functions does adrenaline have?
Which of the following functions does adrenaline have?
In which quadrant of the abdominopelvic cavity is the stomach located?
In which quadrant of the abdominopelvic cavity is the stomach located?
Which of the following statements is the most correct regarding homeostatic imbalance?
Which of the following statements is the most correct regarding homeostatic imbalance?
What does the term 'pollex' refer to?
What does the term 'pollex' refer to?
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Which four elements make up about 96% of body weight?
Which four elements make up about 96% of body weight?
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Which vitamin is fat soluble, produced in the skin on exposure to UV radiation, and necessary for normal bone growth and function?
Which vitamin is fat soluble, produced in the skin on exposure to UV radiation, and necessary for normal bone growth and function?
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What is most correct regarding the intracellular chemical signals known as 'second messengers'?
What is most correct regarding the intracellular chemical signals known as 'second messengers'?
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Why does the hypodermis act as a shock absorber?
Why does the hypodermis act as a shock absorber?
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Which type of skin cancer is the most dangerous because it is highly metastatic and resistant to chemotherapy?
Which type of skin cancer is the most dangerous because it is highly metastatic and resistant to chemotherapy?
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For intramembranous ossification to take place, which of the following is necessary?
For intramembranous ossification to take place, which of the following is necessary?
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What is the process of bones increasing in thickness known as?
What is the process of bones increasing in thickness known as?
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Which cells accomplish the process of bone resorption (breaking bone down) for various reasons?
Which cells accomplish the process of bone resorption (breaking bone down) for various reasons?
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The suture that is found where a parietal and temporal bone meet on the lateral aspect of the skull is ________.
The suture that is found where a parietal and temporal bone meet on the lateral aspect of the skull is ________.
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What makes the hyoid bone unique?
What makes the hyoid bone unique?
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Study Notes
Nervous System
- The nervous system responds fastest to environmental stimuli.
- The nervous system maintains a dynamic state within a limited range, known as homeostasis.
Enzymes
- Enzymes can catalyze millions of reactions per minute.
- Enzymes may be damaged by high temperatures.
- Enzymes require contact with substrates to assume their active form.
Cellular Transport
- Phagocytosis is a type of vesicular transport that occurs primarily in some white blood cells and macrophages.
- Calcium ions are stored in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in certain kinds of muscle cells.
Protein Synthesis
- Transfer RNA (tRNA) is responsible for bringing amino acids to the ribosome for protein formation.
Blood and Lymphatic Systems
- A red blood cell placed in pure water would swell and burst.
Plasma Membrane
- The plasma membrane is a phospholipid bilayer surrounding the cell.
Tissue Repair
- The formation of new stem cells is not a step in tissue repair.
Connective Tissue
- Mesenchymal cells are most commonly found in areolar connective tissue.
Skeletal System
- The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage.
- The periosteum is secured to the underlying bone by perforating (Sharpey's) fibers.
Muscle System
- The range of motion of the various sections of the vertebral column differs.
- Curvatures of the spine serve the body by providing space for soft organs in the various body cavities.
Synovial Joints
- All of the following are factors that influence synovial joint stability except the number of bones in the joint.
Muscle Physiology
- Rigor mortis occurs because no ATP is available to release attached actin and myosin molecules.
- The oxygen-binding protein found in muscle cells is myoglobin.
- The contractile units of skeletal muscles are myofibrils.
Autonomic Nervous System
- The autonomic nervous system does not innervate skeletal muscle.
- Loss of function in the enzyme acetylcholine esterase would result in the inability to destroy and remove acetylcholine from the synaptic cleft.
Central Nervous System
- The brain area that regulates activities that control the state of wakefulness or alertness of the cerebral cortex is the reticular formation.
- REM sleep is associated with temporary skeletal muscle inhibition except for ocular muscles and the diaphragm.
Reflexes
- Inborn or intrinsic reflexes are involuntary, yet may be modified by learned behavior.
- A reflex that causes muscle relaxation and lengthening in response to muscle tension is called a tendon reflex.
Nerve_regeneration
- Regeneration within the CNS is prevented due to growth-inhibiting proteins of oligodendrocytes.
Autonomic Nervous System
- Sympathetic responses generally are widespread because preganglionic fibers are long.### Motor Neurons and Preganglionic Fibers
- The cell bodies and dendrites of motor neurons are found in the grey matter of the spinal cord
- Preganglionic motor neurons have an outer connective tissue capsule around their cell bodies
Parasympathetic Fibers
- The parasympathetic fibers of the facial nerve (VII) stimulate many large glands in the head, such as the nasal and lacrimal glands
Sympathetic Trunks
- Fibers that enter and leave the sympathetic trunks without synapsing form structures called white rami communicates
Vagus Nerve
- The vagus nerve (X) has several plexuses, including the pulmonary, cardiac, and esophageal plexuses, but not the inferior hypogastric plexus
Anatomical Planes
- A parasagittal plane is any sagittal plane except in the midline
Organs and Regions
- The left iliac region contains the intestines
- The parietal pleura is a serous membrane that covers the individual lungs
Chemical Reactions
- Amino acids joining together to make a peptide is a synthesis reaction
- Increasing the concentration of reactants, temperature, and particle size can all increase the rate of a chemical reaction
Cell Structure and Function
- Microvilli increase the surface area of a cell, allowing for more nutrients to be absorbed
- Desmosomes are structures that hold adjacent cells together
- Dendritic or Langerhans cells are specialized phagocytic cells
Tissue Repair
- Granulation tissue is a type of tissue that forms during the healing process, and is characterized by the growth of new blood vessels and connective tissue
Epithelial Tissue
- Simple epithelia form impermeable barriers, while stratified epithelia are present where protection from abrasion is important
Adipose Tissue
- Adipose tissue is composed mostly of fat, and its primary function is nutrient storage
Bone Tissue
- Compact bone is adapted to support weight and withstand torsion stresses
- Spongy bone is found in the interior of bones, and is lighter and more porous than compact bone
Skull Bones
- The bones of the skull are separated by immobile joints called sutures
- The paranasal sinuses are air-filled cavities in the skull that take away a minimal amount of strength from the bones while reducing their weight
Muscle Tissue
- Isotonic contractions occur when the muscle changes in length and moves the "load"
- An example of an interosseous fibrous joint is the joint between the radius and ulna along their length
Nervous System
- The central nervous system uses the frequency of action potentials to determine the strength of a stimulus
- Bipolar neurons are commonly found in the retina of the eye
- Acetylcholine is an excitatory neurotransmitter secreted by motor neurons innervating skeletal muscle
Reflexes
- The primary somatosensory cortex is located in the parietal lobe
- The sciatic nerve is a combination of the tibial and common fibular nerves
Meninges
- The subarachnoid space lies between the arachnoid and pia mater
Brain Regions
- Vital centers for the control of heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure are located in the medulla oblongata
Nerve Compressions
- Bell's palsy is characterized by paralysis of facial muscles, often caused by inflammation of the facial nerve
- Carpal tunnel syndrome is caused by compression of the median nerve
Anatomical Position
- In the anatomical position, the body is erect, arms are at the sides, and palms are turned anteriorly### Cell Biology
- The plasma membrane's structure and function can be altered in various ways, such as:
- Becoming more permeable to ions and less permeable to lipids
- Becoming more fluid and the phospholipids less stable
- Forming a plaque that could potentially block a blood vessel
- Cancerous cells can divide rapidly and produce a glycocalyx that is different from other cells in the body, which may result in:
- The immune system recognizing the tumorous cells as foreign and destroying them
- The cancer cells conserving energy for more growth
- A decrease in the permeability of the tumor cell's plasma membrane preventing the uptake of chemotherapy drugs
- The myocardium (cardiac muscle tissue) undergoes physical stress due to its contractions, and is expected to have:
- Relatively large numbers of transport proteins embedded within its plasma membrane
- Factors that can speed up the net rate of diffusion for glucose into a cell include:
- Decreasing the concentration of glucose within the cell
- Increasing the concentration of glucose outside of the cell
- Increasing the number of glucose transport proteins within the plasma membrane
Tissue Types
- The uterine (fallopian) tubes are lined with ciliated simple columnar epithelium, which functions as a "conveyer belt" to help move a fertilized egg towards the uterus
- Skin, lung, and blood vessel walls have in common:
- Elastic fibers
- Melanocytes and keratinocytes work together to protect the skin from UV damage by:
- Accumulating melanin granules on the superficial portion of keratinocytes, forming a UV-blocking pigment layer
Skeletal System
- The dermis is a strong, flexible connective tissue layer that contains:
- Fibroblasts, macrophages, and mast cells
- Cranial bones develop:
- Within fibrous membranes
- The effect of the hormone calcitonin is to:
- Temporarily decrease blood calcium levels when administered in large doses
- Bones reach their peak density in:
- Early adulthood
Muscle Physiology
- Cartilage grows in two ways:
- Appositional growth, which is the secretion of a new matrix against the external face of existing cartilage
- Interstitial growth, which is the growth of cartilage from within by the division of chondrocytes
- The primary function of wave summation is to:
- Increase muscle tension
- During muscle contraction, myosin cross bridges attach to:
- Actin filaments
Nervous System
- The cruciate ligaments of the knee:
- Prevent hyperextension of the knee
- The suprahyoid muscles are a group of muscles that:
- Lie superior to the hyoid bone and help form the floor of the oral cavity
- The pyramidal and corticospinal tracts are:
- Massive motor tracts serving voluntary movement
- Broca's area:
- Is a motor speech area
- The prefrontal cortex:
- Is involved in intellect, cognition, recall, and personality
- The blood-brain barrier is effective against:
- Metabolic waste such as urea
- The hippocampus is a structure of the:
- Limbic system
Sensory and Motor Systems
- Thermoreceptors respond to:
- Changes in temperature
- Proprioceptors sense the position and movement of joints and the length of stretch in muscles
- Mechanoreceptors sense:
- Tactile stimulation
- The dorsal body cavity is the site of the:
- Brain
- The "fight or flight" division of the autonomic nervous system is the:
- Sympathetic division
Cell Structure and Function
- Enzymes:
- Are protein plus a cofactor
- Work by lowering the energy of activation
- Are chemically specific
- Mitochondria:
- Contain some of the DNA and RNA code necessary for their own function
- Are double-membrane structures involved in the breakdown of ATP
- Peroxisomes:
- Are able to detoxify substances by enzymatic action
- Lysosomes:
- Degrade worn-out or nonfunctional organelles
- Digest particles taken in by endocytosis
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