Cardiac Physiology 1.2

What is the hallmark feature of right bundle branch block (RBBB) on an ECG?

Which phase of the ventricular muscle action potential is characterized by the opening of voltage-gated L-type calcium channels?

What is the resting membrane potential of the ventricular muscle?

During which phase of the action potential is there a restoration of membrane potential towards the resting state following depolarization?

What is the threshold potential for the initiation of an action potential in excitable cells?

Which phase of the cardiac action potential is characterized by a prolonged plateau phase?

What is the absolute refractory period of a cardiac myocyte?

Which feature is indicative of a right ventricular impulse block?

"The difference in electrical potential between the inside and outside of the cell" refers to:

"The restoration of membrane potential towards RMP following depolarization" is known as:

What do pressure-volume loops provide an assessment of?

During the period of isovolumic relaxation (diastole), what happens to the left ventricular (LV) volume?

What is the formula to calculate stroke volume (SV) based on the pressure-volume loop?

Which period of the cardiac cycle represents ventricular ejection (systole)?

In a pressure-volume loop, where is diastolic blood pressure (DBP) measured?

What is the normal ejection fraction (EF)?

What is a characteristic of eccentric hypertrophy?

What is the treatment for mitral stenosis?

What condition promotes transvalvular pressure gradient dependent on cardiac output, heart rate, and diastolic time?

What does critical mitral stenosis correspond to in terms of valve area?

What is the goal for preload in mitral stenosis?

What is the primary role of the AV node in the heart's electrical conduction system?

What is the function of the Purkinje fibers in the heart's electrical conduction system?

Which structure allows for the spread of action potentials between myocardial cells in the heart?

During normal sinus rhythm (NSR), which pathway is preferentially responsible for electrical activation of the left atrium?

What is the purpose of the delay in propagation through the AV node?

What is a hallmark sign of dysfunction in the left bundle branch?

Which component of the heart's conduction system conducts electrical impulses from the AV node down the interventricular septum?

What is responsible for triggering the initial depolarization in the heart's conduction system?

What is the relationship between ventricular end-diastolic volume (EDV) and stroke volume (SV) according to the Frank-Starling Mechanism?

What is the force that the ventricle must overcome to eject its stroke volume?

What effect does an increase in afterload have on the Frank-Starling curve?

What is contractility in relation to the heart muscle?

During which phase of the cardiac cycle do the left and right ventricles contract and eject blood into the aorta and pulmonary artery?

What happens during isovolumetric relaxation in the cardiac cycle?

What accounts for approximately 15-20% of ventricular filling during rapid filling in the cardiac cycle?

What does the Pressure-Volume Loop tell us about in the cardiac cycle?

What is the primary determinant of resting membrane potential (RMP) in cells?

What happens to the RMP when serum potassium (K+) decreases?

Which ion is responsible for depolarizing the cell when the resting membrane potential (RMP) approaches threshold potential?

What is the main purpose of the sodium-potassium ATPase (pump) in cells?

What is the unique characteristic of the SA node's resting membrane potential (RMP)?

What is the function of ectopic pacemakers in cardiac physiology?

What is the effect of idiopathic fibrosis on the conduction system in cardiac physiology?

What is the formula for cardiac output (CO)?

Which factor determines the preload or end-diastolic volume (EDV) in cardiac physiology?

What happens to stroke volume (SV) if systolic pressure is increased in cardiac physiology?

What is the primary goal for anesthetic management in mitral stenosis?

What is the main effect of aortic regurgitation on the left ventricle (LV)?

Which valve pathology is associated with a history of long asymptomatic period before the development of symptoms?

What is the primary surgical management option for chronic aortic regurgitation?

What are the primary goals in aortic insufficiency/regurgitation management?

What is the main effect of mitral regurgitation on left ventricular compensation over time?

Which valve pathology is associated with the triad of syncope, angina, and dyspnea in valve areas less than 1cm2?

What are the primary goals in mitral regurgitation/insufficiency management?

What characterizes the wall of the left ventricle (LV) in aortic stenosis?

Which valve pathology is primarily associated with maintaining NSR, decreased afterload, and slight increase in heart rate for management?

What is the primary surgical management option for aortic stenosis?

What is the main effect of mitral stenosis on cardiac output (CO)?