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Questions and Answers
Which type of communication involves the release of hormones into the bloodstream?
Which type of communication involves the release of hormones into the bloodstream?
Neurotransmitters are slow acting and have a long duration of effect.
Neurotransmitters are slow acting and have a long duration of effect.
False
What is the function of oxytocin?
What is the function of oxytocin?
To facilitate social bonding and reproduction-related activities.
The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is triggered by __________.
The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is triggered by __________.
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Match the following glands with their respective secretions.
Match the following glands with their respective secretions.
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Which of the following is not a principle of hormonal actions?
Which of the following is not a principle of hormonal actions?
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The anterior pituitary gland directly releases hormones into the bloodstream.
The anterior pituitary gland directly releases hormones into the bloodstream.
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What condition results from dysregulation of the negative feedback loop involving cortisol?
What condition results from dysregulation of the negative feedback loop involving cortisol?
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Study Notes
Hormones and Behavior
- Hormones are chemical messengers transported through the bloodstream
- Hormones act slowly, but have long-lasting effects
- Hormones affect ongoing physiological processes
- Neurotransmitters act quickly, are released at the synapse, and have a short duration of effect
- Neurotransmitters signal to neurons, muscles, and glands
- Hormones influence behavior and development, playing a vital role in diverse functions
Berthold's Experiment
- Berthold's 1849 experiment showed that testes secrete a chemical signal (hormone) affecting development and behavior
- The removal of testes in young roosters prevented normal development
- Re-implanting testes in a new location led to normal development and behavior
Forms of Chemical Neurotransmission
- Synaptic communication: Release of neurotransmitters between neurons
- Endocrine communication: Release of hormones into the bloodstream
- Autocrine communication: Hormones act on the same cell that produced it
- Paracrine communication: Hormones act on nearby cells
- Pheromone communication: Hormones affect other individuals of the same species
- Allomone communication: Hormones affect individuals of a different species
General Principles of Hormonal Action
- Hormones act gradually
- Hormones can modulate or alter behaviors and processes
- Hormone effects can be reciprocal, such as hormone X affecting hormone Y
- Hormones can affect multiple targets
- Hormones are released in variably, based on secretion
- Hormone release can vary on a rhythmic basis
- Actions or changes in hormone release can influence behavior
- Hormones affect cellular function by binding to receptors
The Neuroendocrine System
- Sensory reception: Detect information, which is inputted into the brain
- Cortical processing: The input is evaluated by brain pathways
- Hormone release: The brain initiates the release of hormones.
Hormone Classification
- Hormones are classified by their chemical structure, similar to neurotransmitters
- Peptide hormones: Chains of amino acids
- Amine hormones: Modified amino acids
- Steroid hormones: Derived from cholesterol
Hormone Action
- Protein hormones: Act outside the cell, triggering a second messenger system
- Steroid hormones: Enter the cell and directly affect DNA
Stress Response (Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis)
- Stress triggers a cascade of hormonal signals
- The release of cortisol is part of a negative feedback loop
- Disruptions in the HPA axis can lead to conditions like Cushing's disease or anxiety disorders
Hypothalamus
- The hypothalamus plays a crucial role in regulating the endocrine system
- It releases releasing hormones affecting the anterior pituitary
- It secretes hormones into the posterior pituitary, where they are released into the bloodstream.
Pituitary Gland
- The pituitary is a key part of the endocrine system, connected to the hypothalamus
- The posterior pituitary releases hormones made by the hypothalamus
- The anterior pituitary releases releasing factors (hormones) affecting other endocrine glands, called tropic hormones
Anterior Pituitary Pathway
- Hypothalamic nuclei release releasing factors into the hypophyseal portal system.
- The anterior pituitary responds to these factors by modulating the secretion of other hormones (tropic hormones) affecting other endocrine glands
Thyroid Gland
- The hypothalamus secretes TRH
- TRH stimulates the anterior pituitary to release TSH
- TSH stimulates the thyroid to release thyroid hormones
- Thyroid hormones regulate metabolism
Adrenal Gland
- The adrenal cortex produces steroid hormones, such as corticosteroids
- The adrenal medulla produces amine hormones, such as epinephrine and norepinephrine
- The adrenal cortex and medulla regulate various physiological processes in response to a stimulus
Pineal Gland
- The pineal gland produces melatonin, a hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles.
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