OOD Part 3
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a core principle of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)?

  • Functional composition
  • Modular programming
  • Encapsulation (correct)
  • Procedural decomposition

In object-oriented design, what is the primary purpose of abstraction?

  • To reduce the amount of code written
  • To directly access and manipulate internal data of objects
  • To increase the complexity of the system
  • To hide complex implementation details and expose only essential information (correct)

Which concept allows a class to inherit properties and methods from another class?

  • Polymorphism
  • Abstraction
  • Inheritance (correct)
  • Encapsulation

What is the term for the ability of different classes to respond to the same method call in their own way?

<p>Polymorphism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which languages support operator overloading?

<p>C++ and C# (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In languages that support it, what is the primary reason to avoid excessive operator overloading?

<p>It makes code harder to read and maintain. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following access modifiers provides the most restrictive access?

<p>Private (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a class member is declared as 'protected', where can it be accessed?

<p>Within the class itself, and by derived classes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the sealed keyword prevent in C#?

<p>Prevents the class from being inherited. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the virtual keyword in C#?

<p>It allows a method to be overridden in a derived class. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of class methods, what is method overriding?

<p>Providing a specific implementation for a virtual method in a derived class. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition must be met for method overloading to occur?

<p>The methods must have the same name but different parameters. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes an interface in object-oriented programming?

<p>A definition for a group of related functionalities that a class must implement. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does an interface differ from an abstract class?

<p>A class can implement multiple interfaces but can only inherit from one abstract class. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are interfaces considered more flexible compared to inheritance in some scenarios?

<p>Because a class can implement multiple interfaces, allowing it to adhere to several contracts. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of generic classes?

<p>To encapsulate operations that are not specific to a particular data type. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Java, what is the role of angle brackets <> when using ArrayList?

<p>They indicate the variable type stored in the ArrayList. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key concern of Object-Oriented Design (OOD)?

<p>Reusing as much code as possible and limiting redundancy. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of constructors in object-oriented programming?

<p>To initialize the state of an object when it is created. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In C#, what are destructors also known as?

<p>Finalizers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When is a destructor typically called?

<p>Automatically by the garbage collector when an object is no longer in use. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If memory is no longer needed during runtime, where is it cleared from?

<p>The heap (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is responsible for automatically freeing up memory that is no longer being used by a program?

<p>The garbage collector (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to free memory that is no longer being used by a program?

<p>To prevent memory leaks and ensure efficient resource utilization. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct format to define a destructor for ClassName?

<p>~ClassName() (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a 'getter' primarily used for in the context of object properties?

<p>To retrieve the value of a property. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when a class implements an interface?

<p>The class must provide implementations for all members declared in the interface. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about 'internal' access modifier?

<p>Accessible within the same assembly (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens if a derived class does not override a virtual method in a base class?

<p>The base class's implementation of the method is used. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which memory location are local variables stored?

<p>Stack (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which memory location are dynamic variables stored?

<p>Heap (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a base class also known as?

<p>Parent class (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a derived class also known as?

<p>Child class (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes containing information in an object, exposing selected information?

<p>Encapsulation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What technique can be used to construct complex systems with primitive objects and primitive data?

<p>Means of combination (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can higher order functions be used for with Object oriented design?

<p>Capturing common patterns (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an Object Oriented language?

<p>Rust (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following can be overloaded in C#?

<p>Operators (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the closest mechanism to operator overloading in Java?

<p>toString() (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the downsides of using operator overloading?

<p>It can make code harder to maintain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Object-Oriented Design

A design paradigm centered around 'objects' which contain data and code to manipulate that data.

Github

A place to store and manage your code

Encapsulation

Containing information within an object and exposing only selected information.

Abstraction

Exposing only high-level public methods for accessing an object.

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Inheritance

Child classes inheriting data and behaviors from the parent class.

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Polymorphism

Many methods performing the same task.

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Computer Science

A discipline focused on building abstractions to manage complexity and produce correct, performant code.

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Operator Overloading

A feature in some object-oriented languages where operators (+, -, etc.) can have different meanings based on their operands.

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Operator Overloading

A feature that is very common in programming langauges such as C++, C#, Python

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'operator' keyword

In C#, special methods are used to overload operators.

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Operator Overloading in Java

Not supported, except toString() can be remotely linked to it.

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Drawback of Operator Overloading

Can make code harder to read.

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Inheritance

A mechanism where a class (child) acquires properties and methods of another class (parent).

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Static Members

Variables or methods belonging to the class itself, not instances.

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Instance Members

Variables or methods that are unique to each object of a class.

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Access Modifiers

Keywords that control the visibility of class members (public, private, protected).

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Public

Visible everywhere.

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Private

Visible only within the class it is defined.

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Protected

Visible within the class and its subclasses.

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Sealed

Defines something that cannot be inherited.

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Internal

Visible only within the same assembly.

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Virtual

Members can be overridden in derived classes.

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Base/Parent

The class you inherit from

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Derived/Child

The class that inherits from the parent

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Overriding

Used in derived class to provide a specific implementation of a method that is already defined in its base class.

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Overloading

Multiple methods with the same name but different parameters.

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Interface

A contract that defines a set of methods a class must implement.

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Abstract Class

Can have variables

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Interfaces

Cannot have variables

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Abstract Class

Can only inherit one class

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Interfaces

Can implement multiple interfaces

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Generic Classes

Parameters that define type in a class.

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Generic Classes

Encapsulate operations are not specific to a particular data type

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OOD Concerns

Focus on reusing code and reduce redundancy in design.

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Properties

Functions for data and control access

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Properties

Are different from variables of a class

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Getters

Functions that retrieve the values of properties.

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Setters

Functions that set (modify) the values of properties.

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Constructors

Methods to construct new objects.

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Destructors

Methods to clean up or perform final actions before an object is destroyed.

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Stack

Temporary space allocation

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Heap

Long term allocation of space

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Garbage Collector

An automatic process that reclaims memory no longer in use by the program.

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Study Notes

Object Oriented Design

  • Creating a GitHub account is typically the first step when working with a team in this design paradigm.
  • Check your email for invites to the correct organization and make sure everyone on the team gets added.
  • Permissions are handled in GitHub teams.

Techniques for Managing Complexity

  • Black box abstraction, primitive objects, procedures, and primitive data are used to manage complexity.
  • Combining procedures and data types serves as a means of organizing code.
  • Abstraction encapsulates procedure definitions and implements data structures.
  • Common patterns are captured using higher-order functions and treating data as procedures, and procedures as data.

Object Oriented Programming (OOP)

  • The four pillars of OOP are encapsulation abstraction, inheritance, and polymorphism.
  • Encapsulation contains information in an object, exposing only selected information.
  • Abstraction exposes high-level public methods for accessing an object.
  • Inheritance allows child classes to inherit both data and behaviors from the parent class.
  • Polymorphism allows many methods to perform the same task.

Building Abstractions in Computer Science

  • Computer Science is a discipline that builds abstractions to manage complexity.
  • The goal is to write correct and high-performing code.

Gameplan: OOP Languages and Design Patterns

  • Object Oriented Languages
    • C#, C++, Java, TypeScript/JavaScript, Python, and Rust are object-oriented languages.
  • Operator Overloading
    • Operator overloading is present in languages like C++, C#, and Python.
    • Some languages, like Java and JavaScript/TypeScript, do not support operator overloading.
  • C# Operator Overloading
  • Java: toString Method
    • The toString method in Java can be remotely linked to operator overloading.
  • Python Methods
    • Python uses _str() and _add() methods for operator overloading.
  • Drawbacks of Operator Overloading
    • Using it can make code harder to read and maintain, as it might obscure functionality compared to explicit functions.

Inheritance

  • Before delving deep into inheritance there are some concepts that should be fully understood
  • These are:
    • Static versus Instance
    • Why inherit
    • Access Modifiers
  • Access Modifiers
    • Public access modifiers
    • Private access modifiers
    • Protected access modifiers
    • Abstract access modifiers
    • C# modifiers
    • Sealed Modifiers
    • Internal Modifiers
    • Virtual Modifiers
  • Terminology
    • Base == Parent
    • Derived == Child
  • Morale of the story
    • People will kill end themselves if given too many choices

Interfaces: What They Are and How They Differ from Abstract Classes

  • An interface contains definitions for a group of related functionalities that a non-abstract class or struct must implement.
  • Interfaces may define static methods with mandatory implementations and default implementations for members.
  • They cannot declare instance data like fields or auto-implemented properties.
  • An in-depth reference can be found at: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/csharp/fundamentals/types/interfaces
  • Abstract Class vs Interface:
    • Abstract Classes can have variables and can only inherit one class, but can have virtual functions.
    • Interfaces can implement multiple interfaces but can only have abstract-like members.
  • Examples
    • interface IImage { void Save(); void Load(); }
    • interface IEquitable<T> { bool Equals(T obj); }
    • public interface IComparable { int CompareTo(object obj); }

Generic Classes: Flexibility Compared to Inheritance

  • OOD(Object-Oriented Design) aims to reuse as much code as possible and limits redundancies.
  • Techniques seen include:
    • Using functions
    • Defining variables and constants
  • Generic classes encapsulate operations that are not specific to a particular data type.
  • The most common use for generic classes is with collections like linked lists, hash tables, stacks, queues, and trees.
  • Java uses ArrayList<> to store variable types
  • Let's Boil Down the List
    • Add / Concat
    • Remove
    • Index
    • Size
    • Head/Tail
    • Sort: a way to compare
    • Search: a way to compare
    • Any other?

Dependency Injection

Other Notes

  • Properties
    • Properties differ from variables
    • Usually public access
    • Customize access with getters and setters
  • Getters and Setters
    • Functions for properties
    • Accessors have getters and setters
    • Can also be customized or use default
  • Constructors
    • Needed to create objects
    • Can be overloaded with multiple methods
    • Always public
    • Instance variables
  • Destructors
    • C# calls them Finalizers
    • Called when the object is destroyed by the garbage collector
    • Format: "~ClassName()"

Low Level Memory Management

  • Memory and data are kept in one of 2 locations
    • Stack
    • Local Variables
    • Graphics look like Pancakes
    • Heap
    • Dynamic
    • Graphics look like trees
  • Why Free Memory?
    • Only limited amounts of space are available in OS
    • The OS defines limited zone of operation
  • Garbage Collection
    • Garbage Collectors clean up old data
    • They are Done automatically by most modern languages to clear memory
    • Clears items from the heap that no longer have anything else pointing to them

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