UCSP QUIZ

• Culture, Society, & Politics are important areas of study

What Makes Us Different?

• Differences are attributed to environment, history, and appearance.

Basis of Cultural Difference

• Cultural differences arise primarily from culture and nationality.
• Culture & Nationality: A group of people share history, customs & traditions such as Filipinos, Chinese & Americans.
• Ethnolinguistic Groups: Examples include Bicolano, Kapampangan, Ilocano, Ibanags, Ivatans & Igorots.
• Gender: Socially constructed roles, behaviors & attributes that a society considers appropriate for men & women.
• Includes male, female, lesbian, gay, bi, trans, queer, & intersex (lgbtqia).
• Socioeconomic Class: Based on collective experiences of individuals being poor & rich.
• Terms to describe wealth include mahirap, medyo mahirap, sakto lang & mayaman.
• Exceptionality/Non-Exceptionality: Refers to people with non-average capacity, such as geniuses.
• Also refers to people with disabilities & those who are physically challenged.

Culture

• Encompasses all that humans learn to do, use, produce, know & believe as they mature and live in their social environment.
• Anthropologists define it as a way of living.
• Society: The product of human interactions.
• Sociologists: Group within which humans can live a total common life.
• Politics: Arises from people living together in associations involved in conflicts.
• Occurs when people are subject to power, rulership, or authority.
• Anthropology: Study of humankind, with a concentration on human & cultural evolution.
• Anthropos = humans, Logos = word
• Anthropologist: Uses diversity to understand life in a community.
• Culture Universal: Patterns of similarity within a range of differences, focusing on human diversity.

Disciplines of Anthropology

• Archaeology: Study of ancient human populations & how they adapt to their environment.
• Cultural Anthropology: Studies society's culture through beliefs, practices, & possessions.
• Linguistic Anthropology: Focuses on language & its relation to culture.
• Physical Anthropology: Deals with the biological development of humans & their contemporary variations.
• Applied Anthropology: Solves contemporary problems through the application of theories.
• Sociology: The study of society in interaction.
• Socius is the latin word for society
• Involves the scientific study of human society & social interactions.
• Focuses on the group rather than the individual.
• Examines forces that mold individuals, shape behavior, & determine social events.

Sub-Disciplines of Sociology

• Social organization, social structures & institutions.
• Social groups, social stratifications, social mobility & ethnic groups.
• Social Psychology: Impact of group life on a person's nature & personality.
• Includes social change & disorganization, social & cultural interactions, & interruptions.
• It also covers deviance & conflicts.
• Demography: Studies the interrelationship between population & the economic, political, & social system.
• Applied Sociology: Aims to solve contemporary problems.
• Political Science: Study of the state in all its elements, aspects, & relationships.
• Study of the Polis: Politics is about the how's, when's, & where's of getting power & influence.
• Power: The ability to make someone do what they would not otherwise do.
• State: Territory, government, people, & sovereignty.

Political Science Sub-Disciplines

• Political theory, international relations, and public policy.
• Comparative politics, political behavior, and public administration.
• Sociological Imagination: Focuses on every aspect of society & every relationship among individuals.
• Agent of Socialization: People & groups that influence our self-concept, emotions, attitudes, & behavior.
• Charles Wright Mills: Relationship between individual experiences & forces in the larger society that shapes our actions.

Pioneers of Sociology

• Auguste Comte (1798-1857): Believed in understanding society as it is, not how it ought to be.
• Positivism: Path to understanding the world based on science.
• The word Sociology comes from Greek and Latin, and means to the study of society.
• Harriet Martineau (1802-1876): Mother of sociology, studied observing manners & morals.
• Compared European and American societies and believed scholars should use observations & research to bring about social reform.
• Herbert Spencer (1820-1903): Advocated social Darwinism, where the fittest & most intelligent rise to the top.
• Much of his work has been discredited.
• Karl Marx (181-1883): The means of production/economic sector is most important in any society.
• Historical change occurs through class conflict between owners and workers
• Emile Durkheim (1858-1917): Bonds/functions like suicide, social forces impact lives.
• Society is held together by mechanical solidarity (social moral consensus) & by organic solidarity (dependency of roles).
• Alfred Reginald Radcliffe-Brown: Individuals are mere products of structures.
• Max Weber (1864-1920): Used Verstehen or insight & understanding behavior.
• Rationality is pervasive through bureaucratic structures.

Pioneers of Anthropology

• Jean-Baptiste Lamarck: Theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics through environment change.
• Charles Darwin: Theory of natural selection, survival of the fittest, & transmutation of species.
• Franz Boas (Father of Modern American Anthropology): Anti-evolutionary.
• Historical Particularism: Each society has a unique culture.
• Bronislaw Kasper Malinowski: Participant observation requires anthropologists to participate & blend with a group.
• Ethnography: Practicing of writing about people.
• Structural-Functionalist Paradigm