7 Modern Approaches to Psychology
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7 Modern Approaches to Psychology

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Questions and Answers

Which modern approach to psychology emphasizes unconscious drives and conflicts as influences on behavior?

  • Psychodynamic (correct)
  • Sociocultural
  • Humanistic
  • Cognitive

    • What does the cognitive approach to psychology primarily study?

  • Cultural influences on thought
  • Natural selection
  • Information processing (correct)
  • Observable behaviors

    • Which approach focuses specifically on how behavior and thinking can vary across different cultural contexts?

  • Humanistic
  • Sociocultural (correct)
  • Biological
  • Evolutionary

    • The biological perspective in psychology is primarily concerned with which of the following?

    <p>The influence of the body and brain on behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which modern approach to psychology highlights the importance of personal growth and fulfillment?

    <p>Humanistic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the arithmetic average of scores in a distribution called?

    <p>Mean</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which measure indicates the middle score in a distribution?

    <p>Median</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statistical term refers to the difference between the highest and lowest scores?

    <p>Range</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a positive skew indicate in a data distribution?

    <p>Mean is greater than median</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the likelihood that a result occurred by chance?

    <p>Statistical Significance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a standard deviation measure in a distribution?

    <p>How scores are distributed around the mean</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a modal distribution, what characteristic do the data exhibit?

    <p>Two peaks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is inferred when there is a larger effect size present in two variables?

    <p>The relationship is strong</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does hindsight bias refer to in psychological research?

    <p>Believing one could have predicted an event after knowing the outcome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which step follows after forming a hypothesis in the scientific method?

    <p>Make a prediction based on the hypothesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of confirmation bias?

    <p>The inclination to favor evidence that supports existing beliefs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what scenario might overconfidence manifest during a research study?

    <p>Being overly sure of the accuracy of one's findings before testing them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does perceiving order in random events affect psychological interpretation?

    <p>It leads to misinterpretation of chance occurrences as meaningful patterns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of an Institutional Review Board (IRB)?

    <p>To review studies involving human subjects for ethical compliance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is informed consent important in research involving human subjects?

    <p>It protects the rights of participants by informing them of the study's nature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does voluntary participation signify in a research context?

    <p>Participants must be allowed to leave whenever they choose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What considerations must be taken into account when using deception in research?

    <p>Researchers must justify the necessity of deception within the experimental design.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What two main questions guide ethical considerations in animal research?

    <p>Does it benefit society? Does it attempt to minimize harm to the animals?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of a lab experiment?

    <p>It has a control group and an experimental group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which description best characterizes a field experiment?

    <p>Takes place in real-life settings with uncontrolled variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a quasi experiment from a true experiment?

    <p>Quasi experiments consider pre-existing conditions for group allocation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a lab experiment, which of the following is essential for ensuring validity?

    <p>Random assignment of participants to groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about control in experiments is accurate?

    <p>Lab experiments allow for better control of extraneous variables.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of data is collected using quantitative measures?

    <p>Numeric data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is an example of qualitative measures?

    <p>Structured interviews</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a case study primarily aimed at revealing?

    <p>Universal principles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which observation technique involves the researcher not manipulating or controlling the situation?

    <p>Covert participant observation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'social desirability bias' refer to?

    <p>The tendency to answer in ways that will be viewed favorably by others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a disadvantage of structured interviews?

    <p>They often lead to mistaken judgments and false conclusions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the 'wording effect' or 'framing effect' primarily concerned with?

    <p>The specific word choice in questions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT considered a research method?

    <p>Survey</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the goal of meta-analysis?

    <p>To gather and analyze data from existing studies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bias occurs when individuals report experiences deemed socially accepted?

    <p>Self-report bias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method focuses primarily on describing behavior without interference?

    <p>Covert observation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one common disadvantage of Likert scales?

    <p>They often lead to social desirability bias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of qualitative research data?

    <p>It describes traits or characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In surveys, what does self-report data often reflect?

    <p>Participants' perceptions of what is socially acceptable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a positive correlation indicate about two variables?

    <p>Both variables increase together.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the correlation coefficient range from?

    <p>-1 to 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the third variable problem in correlation studies?

    <p>Another variable influences both observed variables, leading to a false association.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of an illusory correlation?

    <p>Those who adopt are more likely to conceive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why can't correlation prove causation?

    <p>Correlation requires experimental control to establish cause.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the null hypothesis assume in an experiment?

    <p>No significant impact is expected.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which best describes an operational definition?

    <p>A specific description of how variables are measured.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of replication in research studies?

    <p>To confirm that results can be achieved consistently with different groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a random sample ensure in an experiment?

    <p>Every member of the target population has an equal chance of being selected.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the risk of using convenience samples in research?

    <p>They may not accurately represent the entire population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does sampling bias refer to in the context of research?

    <p>Selecting participants in a manner that does not represent the entire population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a hypothesis in scientific research?

    <p>An educated guess predicting an outcome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes falsifiability?

    <p>The theory must be able to be disproven using empirical evidence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by random assignment in experiment design?

    <p>Randomly placing participants into experimental groups without any criteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the population in a research study?

    <p>The entire group you aim to study and draw conclusions about.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does generalizability refer to in research outcomes?

    <p>The ability to apply findings to populations outside of the study.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of sampling bias?

    <p>Certain demographics are over or underrepresented due to the selection method.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can the process of replication reinforce research conclusions?

    <p>By verifying that findings are stable across different studies and contexts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does it mean when a hypothesis is said to be testable?

    <p>It can be supported or contradicted through experimentation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a control group in an experiment?

    <p>The group that does not receive the experimental treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which procedure ensures that both the experimenters and participants are unaware of who receives the treatment or placebo?

    <p>Double-Blind Procedure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the independent variable represent in an experiment?

    <p>The factor being manipulated by the researcher</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the placebo effect?

    <p>A change in performance resulting from participants' expectations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of control variables in an experiment?

    <p>To minimize the impact of confounding variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes barriers that can impact the outcome of an experiment aside from the independent variable?

    <p>Confounding Variable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a situation that could generate experimenter bias?

    <p>The expectation that a new treatment will fail due to past failures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the dependent variable in the example of testing a new vitamin's effect on memory?

    <p>The ability to remember information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Modern Approaches to Psychology

    • Psychodynamic: Examines behavior stemming from unconscious drives and conflicts.
    • Sociocultural: Investigates how behavior and thought processes can differ across cultures and various situations.
    • Cognitive: Analyzes the encoding, processing, storage, and retrieval of information.
    • Behavioral: Focuses on learned observable responses to stimuli.
    • Humanistic: Emphasizes personal growth and self-fulfillment, aiming for acceptance and love.
    • Biological: Explores how biological processes and brain functions influence behaviors.
    • Evolutionary: Considers how natural selection affects behavior.

    Experimenter Bias Concepts

    • Hindsight Bias: The inclination to believe one would have predicted an outcome after knowing it.
    • Overconfidence: Overestimating one’s success potential in tasks.
    • Perceiving Order in Random Events: Cognitive bias towards seeing patterns in random data.
    • Confirmation Bias: The tendency to search for and favor information that confirms existing beliefs.

    Scientific Method Flowchart

    • Make an observation and pose a question.
    • Formulate a hypothesis to answer the question.
    • Make predictions based on that hypothesis.
    • Conduct an experiment to test predictions.
    • Analyze results, reporting findings if the hypothesis is correct; if incorrect, revise hypothesis and retest.

    Key Research Terms

    • Null Hypothesis: Assumes no significant effect or relationship.
    • Falsifiability: The capability of a theory to be disproved via empirical evidence.
    • Operational Definition: Specifics of how variables in a study will be measured or manipulated.
    • Replication: Repeating a study in different contexts to validate results.
    • Population: A comprehensive group from which a study sample is drawn.
    • Sample: Individuals selected from the population for participation.
    • Random Sample: Ensures every population member has an equal selection chance.
    • Convenience Samples: Participants selected based on availability.
    • Sampling Bias: Non-random selection that misrepresents the population.
    • Random Assignment: Allocation of samples into experimental or control groups randomly.
    • Generalizability: The applicability of findings beyond the studied sample.

    Statistical Reasoning

    • Descriptive Statistics: Used to summarize and describe group characteristics; includes measures like mean, median, and mode.
    • Mean: Average score calculated by dividing the sum of scores by their count.
    • Median: The middle value dividing higher and lower scores equally.
    • Mode: The most frequently occurring score in a dataset.
    • Regression Towards the Mean: High or low extreme scores tend to revert to average upon retesting.
    • Range: Difference between highest and lowest scores.
    • Standard Deviation: Measure of score variability from the mean.
    • Statistical Significance: Likelihood that results are due to an effect rather than chance; typically, a threshold of 5% is used.

    Correlational Studies

    • Correlation: Quantifies the relationship between two variables, indicating predictive capabilities.
    • Positive Correlation: Both variables increase together.
    • Negative Correlation: One variable increases while the other decreases.
    • Third Variable Problem: A separate variable that affects the relationship between two variables.
    • Correlation Coefficient: Ranges from -1.0 to +1.0, indicating the strength and direction of a relationship.
    • Illusory Correlation: Misinterpretation of a nonexistent relationship.

    Descriptive Research Methods

    • Quantitative Measures: Collecting and analyzing numerical data, often using scales (e.g., Likert scale).
    • Qualitative Measures: Descriptive data collection focused on traits and characteristics, such as through structured interviews.
    • Case Study: In-depth study of an individual or group, revealing broader principles but may lead to subjective conclusions.
    • Covert Participant Observation: Observing naturally occurring behavior without manipulation.
    • Surveys: Not a research method itself; collects self-reported data from participants, often subject to social desirability bias.### Social Desirability Bias
    • Responses can be influenced by a desire to present oneself favorably, leading to misleading data.
    • Common in surveys, where individuals report socially accepted experiences instead of their true feelings.

    Wording Effect (Framing Effect)

    • The phrasing of questions can significantly affect the answers given.
    • Example: "Censorship" can elicit a different emotional response compared to "not allowed."
    • Biased answers arise from the choice of words.

    Self-report Bias

    • Individuals often report experiences based on perceived social norms or expectations.
    • Can distort research findings as people tend to provide responses they believe are desirable.

    Meta-Analysis

    • A comprehensive technique that combines findings from multiple studies on a similar topic.
    • Useful in fields like mental health to assess the overall impact on educational achievement.

    Ethics in Research

    • Institutional Review Board (IRB): Established to oversee research involving human subjects and ensure compliance with ethical standards.
    • Informed Consent/Assent: Participants must receive complete information about the study and the right to withdraw at any time.
    • Voluntary Participation: Participants must willingly choose to engage in research, with alternatives provided when participation is mandated for a class.
    • Anonymity/Confidentiality: Researchers must safeguard participants' identities and any identifying information in their reports.
    • Deception (Use of Confederates): Deception in studies is permissible only if necessary, and researchers must justify its use.
    • Debriefing: Researchers should clarify the study's purpose and procedures to participants after it concludes.
    • Animal Research: Questions focus on societal benefits and minimizing done to animals involved in research.

    Types of Experiments

    • Lab Experiment: Controlled environment with clear manipulation of independent and dependent variables, featuring control and experimental groups.
    • Field Experiment: Conducted in real-world settings with manipulated variables, though extraneous variables can influence the outcome due to the natural environment.
    • Quasi Experiment: Similar to true experiments but lacks random assignment; pre-existing conditions dictate group allocation.

    Experimental Concepts

    • Experiment (Cause & Effect): Investigates the relationship between manipulated variables and observed effects on behavior.
    • Experimental vs. Control Group: The experimental group receives treatment, while the control group does not.
    • Single-Blind Procedure: Participants do not know whether they are receiving the treatment or placebo.
    • Double-Blind Procedure: Both participants and researchers are unaware of who gets the treatment versus a placebo to minimize bias.
    • Experimenter Bias: Researchers’ expectations can inadvertently affect study outcomes.
    • Placebo and Placebo Effect: Changes in health or behavior may occur due to participants' expectations rather than the treatment itself.
    • Independent Variable: The variable that is altered or manipulated in an experiment.
    • Dependent Variable: The outcome that is measured, which may change in response to the independent variable.
    • Confounding Variable: Other factors that can affect the outcome, complicating the study's findings; these can’t be changed by the researcher.
    • Control Variables: Factors kept constant to prevent them from influencing the results of the experiment.

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    Explore the seven modern approaches to psychology that shape our understanding of human behavior. Each approach offers a unique perspective on the factors influencing thoughts, actions, and emotions. Delve into psychodynamic, sociocultural, cognitive, behavioral, and humanistic perspectives.

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