Juncos Readings

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Questions and Answers

Which value is often emphasized in non-European societies and contrasts with European frameworks?

  • Relationality (correct)
  • Democracy
  • Individualism
  • Competition

What alternative governance structure might challenge state-centric views in European foreign policy?

  • International organizations
  • Tribes and clans (correct)
  • Local governments
  • Democratic coalitions

Why is linguistic decentring important in the study of foreign policy?

  • It decreases the accessibility of foreign literature.
  • It promotes the learning of multiple languages.
  • It influences the meaning of concepts in non-European languages. (correct)
  • It restricts research to English sources.

What does disciplinary decentring critique in foreign policy studies?

<p>Dominance of Western methodologies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the term 'mianzi' in the context of Asian values?

<p>Face or reputation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can enhance the understanding of local governance in foreign policy studies?

<p>Incorporating primary sources in local languages (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which framework emphasizes community and relationality in the African context?

<p>Ubuntu (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do tribal dynamics play in the study of foreign policy?

<p>They offer insights into local governance and its interactions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of federalism as discussed in the content?

<p>High-politics, particularly war and peace (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which approach considers the gradual erosion of state sovereignty as essential to global integration?

<p>Functionalism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes neofunctionalism from federalism in the context of European integration?

<p>Neofunctionalism views integration as a source of spillover. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which two main international relations theories critique the Eurocentric viewpoint of earlier frameworks?

<p>Liberalism and Realism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical characteristic of realism regarding European integration?

<p>States prioritize national sovereignty in high politics. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do liberalists perceive EU institutions in regard to state interactions?

<p>As effective forums for cooperation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect does functionalism emphasize in contrast to federalism?

<p>Low-politics over high-politics. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement reflects a critique of the earlier frameworks of European integration?

<p>They are overly normative and Eurocentric. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) of the EU?

<p>To promote international cooperation among member states (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following dimensions is NOT mentioned as a way to observe Europeanization in national foreign policy?

<p>Military integration among member states (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor has complicated the development of a unified European foreign policy?

<p>Presence of NATO and American security guarantees (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which treaty is associated with significant milestones in the development of a European foreign policy?

<p>The Maastricht Treaty (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one impact of the crises in Yugoslavia and Iraq on European foreign policy?

<p>They accelerated the momentum for European foreign and security policy development (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has been a consistent outcome of the CFSP's structure and decision-making?

<p>Coordination of information and policy actions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which historical meeting is associated with the Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP)?

<p>The St. Malo meeting (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the institutional setup of the CFSP?

<p>An intergovernmental structure emphasizing cooperation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What main themes are discussed in the readings related to European foreign policy?

<p>Intergovernmentalism and supranationalism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of EU foreign policy does Maria Giulia Amadio Viceré specifically address?

<p>The High Representative's influence on Kosovo and Ukraine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary focuses of Benjamin Pohl's work on European security policy?

<p>An analysis of bandwagoning and balancing strategies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which author discusses the operationalization of the decentring agenda in relation to European foreign policy?

<p>Stephan Keukeleire and Sharon Lecocq (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the central theme of the chapter by Robert Ladrech on Europeanization?

<p>The influence of Europeanization on national politics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What topic is covered by the article on EU sanctions on Russia by Portela et al.?

<p>The persistence and effectiveness of sanctions against Russia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of the EU's prioritization of stability over democracy in the Western Balkans?

<p>Increased support for authoritarian regimes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which publication explores the intersection of European foreign policy and international relations theories?

<p>The European Union and Theories of International Relations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key focus of the reading by Clara Portela and colleagues?

<p>The process of achieving consensus in EU sanctions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a factor contributing to the EU's lower credibility in the Western Balkans?

<p>High levels of economic stability in candidate countries (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'Copenhagen Plus' criteria emphasize for Western Balkan candidates?

<p>Full cooperation with the ICTY (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What challenge is posed by the EU's increased emphasis on democratic norms in the SEE compared to the CEE?

<p>Increased complexity of negotiations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might the EU's conditionality be less effective in the SEE than in CEE countries?

<p>SEE countries have started from a lower level of fit (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does high EU membership popularity have on SEE countries?

<p>It lowers domestic adoption costs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a reason for the EU's lack of consistency in applying democratic conditionality in the Western Balkans?

<p>Guarantees of stability provided by governments (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How has the increased emphasis on rule of law affected the negotiation process with SEE countries?

<p>It has linked the opening of chapters to progress in rule-of-law areas (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the main objectives of France regarding CSDP operations?

<p>To demonstrate the EU's ability to act autonomously (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the UK approach CSDP operations in relation to the US?

<p>They supported US objectives almost by default. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterized Germany's support for EU operations?

<p>Their support was influenced by a desire to demonstrate EU utility to the US. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the main reasons for EULEX in Kosovo?

<p>To fill a leadership void caused by the deadlock in Kosovo's status negotiations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What approach did France take regarding the police mission in Afghanistan (EUPOL)?

<p>They drew a conscious distinction from US preferences. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which operation was characterized by Germany's hesitant stance on Kosovo's recognition?

<p>EULEX Kosovo (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What reason did the UK have for supporting EU operations?

<p>To assist the US and validate the Berlin Plus framework. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did France play in the EUFOR Chad/CAR operation?

<p>The sole initiator actively lobbying for participation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a notable difference in the approaches of France and the UK regarding CSDP?

<p>France focused on autonomy while the UK purely prioritized alliance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What overall conclusion can be drawn about the EU's approach during these operations?

<p>EU actions reflected a balancing act between autonomy and cooperation with the US. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

European Foreign Policy Theories

Different ways of understanding how European countries and the EU interact and make decisions regarding their relationship with other countries in the world.

EU's Security Policy

The EU's approach to maintaining peace and security in Europe and beyond, utilizing methods like diplomacy, sanctions, and cooperation with other countries.

Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP)

The EU's official policy for coordinating the foreign policy decisions of its member states, often requiring agreement among them.

Supranationalism in EU FP

When the EU acts independently and beyond the authority of any individual country in foreign policy matters.

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Intergovernmentalism in CFSP

When EU foreign policy decisions are mostly dictated by the agreement of individual member countries.

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EU Sanctions

Measures enforced by the EU to influence other countries' behavior, often related to human rights or security issues.

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Europeanization of National Policies

How EU policies influence or change national foreign policy decisions within the member countries.

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High Representative for Foreign Affairs

The individual responsible for leading EU foreign policy efforts.

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Federalism (EU)

A theory emphasizing a focus on high politics (war & peace), seeing political integration as a solution to international anarchy. Advocates for a common foreign and defense policy, prioritizing a united Europe.

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Functionalism (EU)

A theory emphasizing low politics (economics, societal issues), proposing that the state is ineffective in a globalized world. Focus on common interests & shared needs, gradually eroding state sovereignty.

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Neofunctionalism (EU)

Building on functionalism, it argues that integration into a European political union is necessary to achieve common goals. Integration is gradual, spreading across different sectors, driven by technical and political spillovers.

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Liberal Approach to EU Integration

Views EU integration positively, focusing on low politics and seeing EU institutions as a forum for cooperation between states. While not necessarily aiming for a federal entity, it values cooperation and dialogue.

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Realist Approach to EU Integration

Skeptical about the EU achieving a federal entity, arguing that states will not relinquish national sovereignty in areas of high politics. Focuses on the balance of power and national interests.

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Teleological Approach

A view of EU integration with a specific, predetermined endpoint in mind. Assumes that the EU is inevitably moving towards a particular form of political union.

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Spillover Effect (EU)

The gradual expansion of integration from one sector to another, resulting from the success of initial integration efforts. Technical spillovers often lead to political spillovers.

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Engagement in EFP

Analyzing how non-European societies value norms like relationality, stability, harmony, or spirituality and exploring their implications for foreign policy.

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Mianzi & Al-'adala

Asian concept of 'face' and Middle Eastern concept of justice that highlight the differences between European and non-European normative frameworks.

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Polity Decentring

Challenging the state-centric view of EFP by acknowledging alternative governance structures like tribes, clans, or religious organizations in non-Western contexts.

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Alternative Polities

Governance structures outside of states, such as tribes, clans, or religious networks, which hold significant influence in some regions.

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Linguistic Decentring

Recognizing the limitations of English-language sources in understanding non-European perspectives and the importance of local languages.

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Ubuntu

African concept emphasizing relationality and community, which is difficult to translate directly into Western terms like 'humanism'.

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Disciplinary Decentring

Critiquing the dominance of Western research methods in EFP studies and encouraging inclusion of non-Western perspectives.

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Interdisciplinary Methods

Using methods like anthropological fieldwork or area studies to understand local contexts and embrace non-Western theoretical perspectives.

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Balancing in CSDP?

The idea that EU governments actively oppose US policies in CSDP operations to maintain their independence and influence.

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Bandwagoning in CSDP?

The theory that EU governments align their CSDP actions with US policy to gain benefits or avoid conflict.

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French Objectives in CSDP

France actively participated in CSDP operations, often emphasizing symbolic independence and autonomy rather than direct opposition to the US.

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UK Objectives in CSDP

The UK often supported US objectives in CSDP but with a focus on demonstrating its viability within the broader EU framework.

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German Objectives in CSDP

Germany generally supported CSDP actions, often aimed at demonstrating its commitment to the EU's security role and also seeking to please the US.

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EULEX Kosovo: EU's Role

EULEX served as a rule-of-law mission in Kosovo, contributing to stability amidst complex negotiations on Kosovo's status.

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French Position in Afghanistan

France distinguished itself from US preferences in Afghanistan, acting in a clear but not obstructive manner

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UK Position in Kosovo & Afghanistan

The UK strongly supported US initiatives in Kosovo and Afghanistan, seeing CSDP missions as a way to align other EU members with American goals.

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German Position in Chad/CAR

Germany's involvement in the Chad/CAR mission, although encouraged by the US, was primarily motivated by its own political considerations.

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French Transatlantic Relationship in CSDP

France displayed a complex transatlantic relationship in CSDP, not purely balancing or bandwagoning, but often seeking to demonstrate its autonomy within a cooperative framework.

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CFSP

The EU's official policy for coordinating the foreign policy decisions of its member states, often requiring agreement among them.

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Maastricht Treaty

A treaty signed in 1992 that created the European Union, including the CFSP as its core pillar.

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NATO

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, a military alliance formed in 1949 to ensure collective defense of its members.

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Cold War

A period of geopolitical tension from 1947-1991 between the United States and the Soviet Union, with the rest of the global powers aligned themselves with one of the superpowers.

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St. Malo meeting

A meeting in 1998 that resulted in key decisions for creating a European defense force (CSDP).

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Neutrality

A state's policy of not taking sides in international conflicts.

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Stability vs. Democracy

The EU prioritizing stability and peacebuilding in the Western Balkans, even if it means accepting authoritarian practices by governments, potentially at the expense of democratic values.

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Stabilitocracies

Countries or governments that prioritize stability over democratic reforms, often employing authoritarian tactics while claiming external legitimacy as peace guarantors.

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Democratic Conditionality

The EU's practice of linking financial aid and membership prospects to a country's progress towards meeting democratic standards.

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Copenhagen Plus Criteria

Additional requirements for Western Balkan countries aspiring to EU membership, emphasizing cooperation with international courts, peace agreements, and resolving disputes.

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Europeanization

The process of adopting EU rules, practices, and values within a country, often motivated by the desire for EU membership or benefits.

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Adoption Costs

The potential risks and sacrifices a country faces when implementing EU-related policies, including opposition from within and potential economic changes.

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EU Membership Popularity

The level of public support for joining the EU within a candidate country, influencing the government's willingness to engage in Europeanization.

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Pre-Accession Compliance

The degree to which a candidate country follows EU democratic norms and standards before joining, influencing its preparedness and success in Europeanization.

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Study Notes

Session 1: Why Cooperate? Theorizing European Foreign Policy

  • Realists try to understand European security developments using their concepts and vocabulary. Neither bandwagoning nor balancing fully captures the developments
  • The balancing proposition does not explain why EU members support rather than constrain US foreign policy.
  • European security policies are driven by shared liberal consensus and diverging national preferences/priorities
  • Examines how British, French, and German governments supported/opposed military/civilian missions in Bosnia, Chad, and Afghanistan.
  • Analyzes the impact of transatlantic relations on EU cooperation in foreign, security, and defense (CSDP) realms.

Session 2: The Making of European Foreign Policy

  • The Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) developed as an intergovernmental approach due to the sensitivity of foreign, security, and defense policies considered core elements of national sovereignty by some member states.
  • Attempts to move towards supranational decision-making in the CFSP encountered resistance.
  • Over time, the CFSP has seen greater institutionalization.
  • The European Commission has exclusive right of initiative for proposals, implementation, as well as budgetary management in CFSP/CSDP matters.
  • The European Parliament has budgetary powers to discuss/debate CFSP/CSDP issues.
  • The High Representative for Foreign Affairs (HR/VP) plays a crucial role to promote consistency in EU's external action
  • The Council of Ministers, and their committee, COREPER, shape EU external action.

Session 3: The Europeanization of National Foreign Policies

  • The Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) has led to adaptations and harmonization among member states through exchanges of information and policy options.
  • EU institutions' influence over national foreign policies is limited, creating a question of how much Europeanization affects.
  • Three dimensions of Europeanization: change in domestic institutional setup, domestic policies, and domestic values.
  • The development of a European foreign policy dimension has been a gradual process- there hasn't been unanimous agreement to Europeanize foreign policy/security .
  • The role of NATO and American security guarantees has decreased urgency to develop a distinct European defense identity.

Session 4: Promoting Democracy in the Neighborhood

  • The External Incentives Model (EIM) aims to explain the Europeanization of Central and Eastern European countries (CEECs) through the EU's accession conditionality.

  • Concerns exist about conditional sustainability and replication of the model in other contexts., like the Southern European (SEE) region where the progress is slow.

  • Whether EU conditionality results in real democratic change or just formal compliance is questioned.

Session 5: The EU Global Strategy and the pursuit of strategic autonomy

  • The EU needs a strategy with a shared vision and common action to address security challenges.
  • The necessity of a stronger Union is still prevalent.
  • The EU has strong diplomatic and economic power.
  • The EU is expected to play a major role in providing global security.
  • The EU needs to deliver what European citizens need and make partnerships work together.

Session 6: A Global Security Actor? The Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP)

  • The EU's CSDP missions have showcased ability to respond to crises; providing humanitarian aid, peace-making, and conflict-prevention tasks.
  • The 2016 EU Global Strategy re-affirmed EU's focus on crisis response and capacity development.
  • Hybrid threats and evolving geopolitical circumstances are making existing CSDP models insufficient.
  • EU's diplomatic tools, including anti-piracy operations, have faced challenges that demonstrate the EU's ongoing struggle to fully achieve strategic autonomy.

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