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Questions and Answers

In the context of CMM, how does the concept of 'co-creation' challenge the traditional transmission model of communication?

Co-creation challenges the linear, sender-receiver model by asserting that meaning is not simply transferred but is actively negotiated and shaped by all participants in an interaction, emphasizing a dynamic, collaborative process.

Explain how the Coordinated Management of Meaning (CMM) theory posits that individuals are both creators and creations of their social realities.

CMM suggests that individuals, through their communicative actions, actively shape the social worlds around them (creators), while simultaneously being influenced and shaped by the very social realities they help to create (creations).

Describe how the LUUUUTT model can be applied to analyze a conflict situation between two individuals, focusing on how 'Untold Stories' might contribute to the conflict's persistence.

The LUUUUTT model helps reveal hidden dimensions of the conflict. 'Untold Stories' could represent withheld information or perspectives that, if shared, might alter the understanding of the situation and potentially lead to resolution, but their suppression perpetuates misunderstanding.

In what ways might 'Unheard Stories,' as defined by the LUUUUTT model, impact the effectiveness of a public health campaign aimed at promoting vaccination in a community with diverse cultural beliefs?

'Unheard Stories' represent community members' concerns or beliefs about vaccinations that are not acknowledged or addressed by the campaign. This can lead to mistrust and resistance, undermining the campaign's success if these voices are not heard and integrated into the communication strategy. Signup and view all the answers

How might the concept of 'communication constructs our social worlds' be applied to understand the impact of social media on the formation of individual identity, according to CMM?

CMM suggests that through interactions on social media, individuals actively participate in constructing their identities. The content they share, the feedback they receive, and the communities they engage with all contribute to shaping their sense of self, highlighting the ongoing interplay between communication and identity formation. Signup and view all the answers

How does continual symbolic interaction contribute to the formation of the 'me' according to the text?

The 'me' is formed through continual interaction with others. As the generalized other develops, this composite person becomes a conversational partner in a mental dialogue. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of Levinas's philosophy as described in the provided text, what is the significance of gazing at the face of the 'Other'?

Gazing at the face of the 'Other' reminds us of our ethical responsibility to care for them. Our identity is also tied to how we respond to the Other. Signup and view all the answers

How does Erving Goffman describe social interaction, and what does this imply about our behavior in social settings?

Erving Goffman describes social interaction as a dramaturgical performance. This implies that we strategically present ourselves and manage impressions in social settings. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the relationship between the 'face of the Other' and our ethical obligations, as described in the text.

The 'face of the Other' serves as a human signpost that points to our ethical obligation to care for the Other before we care for self. This highlights the priority of others' needs over our own. Signup and view all the answers

What are 'stories lived' within the Coordinated Management of Meaning (CMM) theory, and how do they relate to our interactions with others?

'Stories lived' are the ongoing patterns of interaction we enact as we seek to mesh our lives with others around us. They reflect our efforts to coordinate and make sense of our experiences with others. Signup and view all the answers

Briefly describe the relationship between the 'I' and the 'me' in Mead's theory of the self.

The 'I' is the subjective, spontaneous self, while the 'me' is the objective self, formed by internalizing others' perspectives. The <code>I</code> acts, and the <code>me</code> reflects on those actions. Signup and view all the answers

Explain how the concept of the 'generalized other' influences an individual's sense of self.

The 'generalized other' represents the collective expectations and attitudes of society. It influences the individual's self-concept by providing a composite mental image based on these societal norms and responses. Signup and view all the answers

How might a series of negative responses from significant others affect an individual's 'looking-glass self'?

Consistent negative feedback can lead to a negative self-image, as the individual internalizes these judgments, potentially resulting in feelings of worthlessness or inadequacy. Which leads to symbolic destruction of the self. Signup and view all the answers

Describe how 'naming' can negatively impact an individual's self-perception.

'Naming' involves assigning labels that force individuals to view themselves in a distorted or negative way. This can lead to internalized oppression and a damaged self-concept, limiting their potential. Signup and view all the answers

Explain how the self-fulfilling prophecy can perpetuate negative self-images.

When we expect certain behaviors from others, we may act in ways that provoke those behaviors, thus confirming our initial expectations and reinforcing existing negative self-images. Subsequently validating the person's own negative perceptions. Signup and view all the answers

According to Levinas, how does the 'responsive I' differ from Mead's concept of the 'looking-glass self'?

While the 'looking-glass self' focuses on how others' perceptions shape our identity, the 'responsive I' emphasizes that our identity is formed by how we respond to the needs and well-being of others. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of 'symbol manipulation,' why is it important for organizations to be rooted in the experiences of the people?

Organizations rooted in people's experiences are more likely to be meaningful and relevant, fostering genuine engagement and a sense of belonging. This ensures the organization's symbols resonate with their lived realities. Signup and view all the answers

In what ways can social isolation and alienation contribute to 'symbolic destruction'?

Social isolation deprives individuals of meaningful social interaction and validation, eventually leading to a sense of detachment. Alienation exacerbates this by fostering feelings of estrangement and meaninglessness, collectively destroying the sense of self. Signup and view all the answers

How does understanding the 'looking-glass self' and the potential for negative self-perception inform ethical communication practices?

Understanding the 'looking-glass self' encourages us to be mindful of the impact our words and actions have on others' self-esteem. It promotes ethical communication by emphasizing empathy, support, and positive reinforcement. Signup and view all the answers

Considering Mead's and Levinas' perspectives, how can one cultivate a more positive and resilient sense of self in the face of societal pressures?

By balancing self-reflection (Mead) with ethical responsiveness to others (Levinas), one can develop a self-concept that is both grounded in social reality and committed to positive social impact, thus fostering resilience and reducing the negative effects of society. Signup and view all the answers

How does Escher's “Bond of Union” metaphorically represent the concept that interpersonal communication is the primary activity in shaping our social worlds?

The artwork illustrates how communication intertwines individuals, suggesting that our interactions are fundamental in creating and maintaining social connections and realities. Signup and view all the answers

Explain how the CMM principle of 'form over substance' applies in a scenario where a difficult message is delivered with empathy and understanding.

In this scenario, 'form over substance' suggests that how the message is conveyed (empathy, understanding) can be more critical than the message's content itself in maintaining relationships and achieving positive outcomes. Signup and view all the answers

How does the reflexivity of communication influence the development of personal identity within social interactions?

The reflexivity of communication means that our communicated actions and messages shape the social world, but also loop back to influence our self-perception and identity. Signup and view all the answers

Define 'stories told' within the context of CMM, and provide an example of how these narratives can shape an individual's perception of a past event.

'Stories told' are the narratives we construct to make sense of the world and our place in it. For example, framing a job loss as a 'new opportunity' can shift one's perception from negative to positive. Signup and view all the answers

Explain how the CMM principle 'we get what we make' relates to the proactive shaping of organizational culture through communication.

This CMM principle means that our communication patterns actively shape our social environment. Consistent, positive communication can cultivate a healthy organizational culture, as the culture arises from the interactions of the people within it. Signup and view all the answers

Illustrate how the serpentine model can be used to analyze a disagreement between two friends.

The serpentine model could map how an initial comment from one friend leads to a response from the other, which then loops back to influence the first friend's next statement. This back-and-forth flow continues and potentially escalates the disagreement, affecting the relationship dynamics. Signup and view all the answers

Based on CMM, how do relationship dynamics (e.g., familiarity and liking) influence the interpretation of a message during conflict resolution?

Greater familiarity and liking can lead to more charitable interpretations of messages, making conflict resolution easier. Conversely, strained relationships can lead to misinterpretations and escalated conflict. Signup and view all the answers

How might a communicator's characteristics, such as confidence and clarity, impact the effectiveness of a public service announcement designed to promote community health?

A confident and clear communicator is more likely to be perceived as credible and trustworthy, enhancing the PSA's effectiveness in persuading the audience to adopt healthy behaviors. Signup and view all the answers

Explain how communication, as a 'relational process,' is always in flux and how this impacts relationships.

Communication is constantly evolving, influenced by past and future interactions. This flux shapes and affects the connections between individuals and groups, as relationships are continuously redefined through ongoing communication. Signup and view all the answers

How does the 'theories as nets' metaphor describe the goal of communication theorists, and what is a potential problem with this metaphor?

The 'theories as nets' metaphor suggests that theorists strive to create finer nets to capture more of the complexities of communication. However, over-reliance on this metaphor can be problematic by suggesting that we can 'capture' all aspects of communication, which is likely impossible. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the 'theories as lenses' metaphor in the context of communication, and provide an example of how a particular theoretical lens might shape our understanding of a communicative situation.

The 'theories as lenses' metaphor suggests that theories focus on specific aspects of communication while obscuring others. For example, a theory focused on nonverbal communication might highlight body language cues, while de-emphasizing the role of verbal content in a conversation. Signup and view all the answers

In what ways are theories like maps? How can communication theories help individuals in navigating relationships?

Theories are like maps because they provide a framework for understanding the complex terrain of human interaction. They aid individuals in navigating relationships by offering predictable pathways and understandings of communication, helping them to anticipate outcomes. Signup and view all the answers

According to Symbolic Interactionism, how do humans assign meaning to people or things, and why is meaning-making not solely an individual undertaking?

Humans assign meaning to people or things based on the meanings they assign to those people or things, and it is not an individual undertaking because meaning arises out of social interaction. Our assigned meanings come from our interactions with others and our shared understanding of symbols. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the role of language in constructing meaning, according to Symbolic Interactionism. How does symbolic interaction contribute to the development of a 'universe of discourse'?

Language facilitates meaning construction through interaction, where meanings are negotiated using symbols. Symbolic interaction helps develop shared meanings of such language, establishing what is relevant and forming a 'universe of discourse'. Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean to 'take the role of the other' in Symbolic Interactionism, and how does this process influence an individual's interpretation of symbols and self-concept?

Taking the role of the other involves mentally imagining oneself as someone else who is viewing you. This process influences an individual's interpretation of symbols by providing different perspectives. It also helps in shaping self-concept through reflected appraisals and perceived social expectations. Signup and view all the answers

How does 'minding' influence our communication? Give an example.

'Minding' is the inner dialogue used to test alternatives, rehearse actions, and anticipate reactions before responding, thereby influencing our communication choices. For instance, before confronting a coworker about a disagreement, you might internally rehearse different approaches to gauge their potential reactions. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the purpose of participant observation. How does this approach help researchers understand how people interpret their world?

Participant observation involves adopting the stance of an interested visitor who carefully notes what people say and do. This method helps researchers understand how people interpret their world by providing insights into shared meanings, practices, and social norms from an insider's perspective. Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'generalized other' and 'symbolic manslaughter'?

'Generalized other' means the attitude of the whole community. 'Symbolic manslaughter' refers to someone who treats another as though they are a nonentity. Signup and view all the answers

Contrast the view of theory as a 'single definitive answer' with the idea of theory as a 'set of informed hunches.'

Viewing theory as a single definitive answer suggests a fixed and absolute understanding, whereas considering it a set of informed hunches implies tentative, evolving explanations based on research and observation. The latter acknowledges uncertainty and invites further investigation. Signup and view all the answers

What's the relationship in the Stimulus > Interpretation > Response chain?

The relationship in the Stimulus > Interpretation > Response chain is that the meaning of a stimulus is not inherent but is instead determined by our interpretation. Meaning is determined not merely by stimulus but by how one interprets it, which in turn affects one's response. Signup and view all the answers

Distinguish between 'social interaction' and 'symbolic interactionism', explaining how they relate and differ.

'Social interaction' broadly refers to any interaction between individuals, while 'symbolic interactionism' is a specific perspective focusing on how meaning arises from these interactions through the exchange of symbols, impacting thoughts and self-concept. The latter places emphasis on the importance of language and the construction of a social reality. Signup and view all the answers

Discuss how conscious choices and multiple interpretations influence the communication process, offering instances of each.

Communicators make conscious choices about message content and form, but messages are susceptible to multiple interpretations based on receiver background. If someone is speaking sarcastically to someone unaware of their sarcastic patterns, the message may be interpreted wrongly. Signup and view all the answers

Given Mead’s concept of social constructionism, how would you assess the impact of digital communication technologies (e.g., social media) on shaping our self-concept and wider community?

Digital communication, like social media, significantly shapes our self-concept and community by offering platforms for identity expression and social interaction. These platforms can lead to both enhanced connectivity and potential misinterpretations, as the interpretation of digital cues may differ widely. This can affect how individuals see themselves and how they perceive their community. Signup and view all the answers

Briefly explain how violation valence and communicator reward valence combine to influence whether an expectancy violation is perceived positively or negatively, according to Expectancy Violations Theory.

When a violation occurs, individuals first assess whether the violation is positive or negative (violation valence). Then, they consider the reward value of the communicator. A positive violation from a rewarding communicator is likely to be viewed favorably, while a negative violation from an unrewarding communicator is likely to be viewed unfavorably. Signup and view all the answers

Explain how personal space preferences are related to the concept of proxemics.

Proxemics is the study of how people use space, and personal space is an example of this. Personal space describes the invisible, variable volume of space surrounding an individual that defines their preferred distance from others. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of Social Penetration Theory, explain how the breadth and depth of self-disclosure contribute to relational intimacy.

Breadth refers to the range of topics discussed, while depth refers to the intimacy level of those topics. High breadth means discussing many topics, and high depth means discussing personal/vulnerable information, both expanding the breadth and depth leads to greater intimacy. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the layers of the 'onion' in Social Penetration Theory and what they represent.

The 'onion' represents a person's personality structure. Outer layers contain public information, while inner layers contain more personal and vulnerable information like core values and beliefs. Signup and view all the answers

Define the law of reciprocity within Social Penetration Theory, and give a brief example.

The law of reciprocity suggests that self-disclosure between two people is usually reciprocal; one person's openness leads to similar openness from the other. For example, if Person A shares a fear, Person B is likely to then share a fear of their own. Signup and view all the answers

Explain how social exchange theory uses the minimax principle to explain relational behavior.

The minimax principle suggests that people seek to maximize rewards and minimize costs in relationships. People are more likely to continue relationships where the perceived rewards outweigh the costs. Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between the Comparison Level (CL) and Comparison Level of Alternatives (CLalt) in Social Exchange Theory?

CL is the standard for relational satisfaction, reflecting what we expect from a relationship. CLalt is a standard for relational stability, based on the best outcome available in other potential relationships. Thus CL looks at satisfaction in the relationship while CLalt looks at alternatives to the relationship. Signup and view all the answers

In Social Exchange Theory, how do outcome, satisfaction, and stability interrelate to influence the longevity of a relationship?

A positive outcome (rewards outweighing costs) leads to satisfaction if it exceeds one's CL. Stability depends on whether the outcome exceeds one's CLalt. If both are above, the relationship is likely to last. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the premise of ethical egoism, as presented by Epicurus, and how it relates to making decisions in relationships.

Ethical egoism suggests that individuals should act to maximize their own pleasure and minimize their pain. In relationships, this means choosing actions that benefit oneself. However, it's important to consider, as Epicurus noted, some pleasures bring pain. Signup and view all the answers

Describe how the dialectical model explains the ongoing tensions in interpersonal relationships.

The dialectical model assumes that people want both privacy and intimacy in their relationships. This creates a tension between openness and closedness, as individuals navigate their needs for connection and autonomy. Signup and view all the answers

How might territoriality affect interpersonal communication and relationships?

Territoriality, the claiming of physical space/objects as one's own, can influence communication by creating boundaries and expectations. Violations of territorial space can lead to conflict or discomfort, impacting relationships. Signup and view all the answers

Differentiate between 'requirements,' 'expectations,' and 'desires' as they are used in Interaction Adaptation Theory.

'Requirements' are basic needs for survival, safety, belonging, and worth. 'Expectations' are what we predict will happen in an interaction. 'Desires' are what we personally want to happen. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the concept of Interaction Position (IP) as it relates to Interaction Adaptation Theory.

Interaction Position is a person's initial stance toward an interaction, shaped by a blend of their personal needs, expectations, and desires. Signup and view all the answers

Explain how threat threshold influences the response to a personal space violation, according to Expectancy Violations Theory.

Threat threshold denotes the outer boundary of intimate space; when someone uninvited breaches this boundary, it provokes a 'fight or flight' reaction. Signup and view all the answers

How has the role of arousal changed in later versions of Expectancy Violations Theory?

Originally, arousal was considered a necessary link between expectancy violation and communication outcomes. Later versions view it as a side effect of deviation, no longer necessary for predicting outcomes like attraction or persuasion. Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

The "Me"

The self that is formed through ongoing symbolic interaction with others.

Generalized Other

The imaginary composite person that becomes our mental conversational partner as we develop.