Mock exam

Questions and Answers

Which statement defines withdrawal accurately?

The process of increasing substance intake to avoid symptoms

A type of cognitive behavioral therapy

Physical and psychological symptoms from reducing substance use (correct)

A method for treating substance use disorders

What does the disease model of addiction propose?

Addiction results from environmental factors only

Addiction is purely a behavioral issue

Addiction is a mandatory consequence of choice

Addiction is a chronic medical condition due to brain changes (correct)

What do impaired control theories suggest about addiction?

Addiction results from difficulties in behavior regulation (correct)

Addiction is a phase of recovery

Addiction arises from cultural influences

Addiction is caused by a lack of motivation

How many symptoms must an individual exhibit to be diagnosed with gambling disorder?

Four Signup and view all the answers

What is the public health model focused on?

Population-wide prevention and intervention strategies Signup and view all the answers

What does hyperactive sexual desire disorder entail?

Excessive preoccupation with sexual thoughts or behaviors Signup and view all the answers

Which anxiety disorder is characterized by persistent and excessive worry over various issues?

Generalized Anxiety Disorder Signup and view all the answers

What therapeutic technique gradually exposes individuals to fear-inducing stimuli?

Exposure Therapy Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder?

Presence of obsessions and compulsions Signup and view all the answers

Which concept refers to the belief in one's ability to successfully perform tasks?

Self-Efficacy Signup and view all the answers

What symptom is commonly associated with major depressive disorder?

Sleep disturbances Signup and view all the answers

What does the avoidance theory of worry suggest?

Worry serves as a way to avoid distressing emotions Signup and view all the answers

What is flooding in the context of exposure therapy?

Immediate and intense exposure to feared stimuli Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common symptom of panic attacks?

Extreme fear or discomfort Signup and view all the answers

What does interoceptive exposure involve?

Exposure to internal bodily sensations related to anxiety Signup and view all the answers

What disorder is characterized by an obsessive focus on perceived flaws in appearance?

Body Dysmorphic Disorder Signup and view all the answers

What can be considered a protective factor against developing a mental disorder?

Social support Signup and view all the answers

What is a core characteristic of neuroticism as a personality trait?

Tendency to experience negative emotions Signup and view all the answers

What best describes exposure and response prevention (ERP)?

Involves exposure to feared situations without engaging in compulsions Signup and view all the answers

What is a token economy?

A behavioral intervention using rewards for desired behaviors Signup and view all the answers

What is modeling in the context of learning?

Learning through observing and imitating others' behavior Signup and view all the answers

What does cognitive restructuring aim to address?

Challenging and changing negative thought patterns Signup and view all the answers

What is a behavioral experiment used for in cognitive-behavioral therapy?

To test the accuracy of beliefs through real-life actions Signup and view all the answers

What does unconditional positive regard entail?

Acceptance and respect without any judgment Signup and view all the answers

What is the diathesis-stress model used to explain?

The interaction between biological predispositions and environmental stressors Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a panic disorder?

Recurring and unexpected panic attacks Signup and view all the answers

What defines comorbidity in mental health?

Experiencing multiple disorders simultaneously Signup and view all the answers

An individual with abnormal cognitions about shape, weight and self-worth, but normal body weight, and who binge eats, diets and purges is most likely to be diagnosed with:

Bulimia nervosa Signup and view all the answers

In comparison with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder does not include:

Regular engagement in weight-control behaviours Signup and view all the answers

Currently, the most evidence-based treatment for anorexia nervosa is:

Cognitive behaviour therapy Signup and view all the answers

The dual pathway model of bulimia nervosa suggests that binge eating episodes are triggered by:

All of the given options are correct Signup and view all the answers

'Tolerance' of a substance refers to:

Needing increasing amounts of the substance to get the same effect Signup and view all the answers

In the treatment of substance use disorders, medication can be useful to:

All of the given options are correct Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a criterion for gambling disorder?

Gambling when alone Signup and view all the answers

Compared to the general community in Australia, individuals who use methamphetamine are:

11 times more likely to experience psychosis Signup and view all the answers

Cognitive errors hypothesized to result in problem gambling include all of the following except:

Catastrophic thinking Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not one of Kaplan's stages of sexual functioning?

Dysfunction Signup and view all the answers

A paedophilic act is also classified as incest if:

The victim and perpetrator are close relatives Signup and view all the answers

Psychological research has explained marital problems in terms of:

All of the given options are correct Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does not form part of the definition of abnormal behaviour?

Treatment Signup and view all the answers

The rational-emotive therapist Albert Ellis believed that people respond to:

Their interpretations of events Signup and view all the answers

The main drawback of drug treatment for psychological problems is the:

High rate of relapse once the drug is stopped Signup and view all the answers

The diathesis-stress model explains mental disorders in terms of:

An interaction between biological and psychological factors Signup and view all the answers

The dimensional approach to mental disorders argues that disorders:

Exist along a continuum Signup and view all the answers

The most effective treatment for a specific phobia is:

In vivo exposure Signup and view all the answers

Development of a panic disorder requires:

All of the given options are correct Signup and view all the answers

According to the Wells meta-cognitive model of generalised anxiety disorder (GAD), an individual with GAD is likely to have:

Both positive and negative beliefs about worrying Signup and view all the answers

Generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) has a lifetime prevalence in Australia of about:

6.1 percent Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not true of cognitive behaviour therapy in the treatment of generalised anxiety disorder?

Clients are taught to suppress their worries Signup and view all the answers

According to the research evidence, the most effective treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder is:

Cognitive behaviour therapy Signup and view all the answers

Obsessive-compulsive disorder has a prevalence rate of about:

2-3 percent Signup and view all the answers

According to the DSM-5, the presence of OCD is diagnosed using which criteria?

Obsessions and/or compulsions that cause distress, are time-consuming, interfere with social and occupational functioning and are not attributed to a substance, medical condition or other disorder Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is not a common task in cognitive-behavioural treatment of OCD?

Confronting patients with germs and disease Signup and view all the answers

Diana is concerned about her physical appearance. She constantly thinks that her body is the wrong shape and size, despite having had cosmetic surgery. Diana is displaying signs of:

Body dysmorphic disorder Signup and view all the answers

Biological, learning and cognitive models of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) all recognize that:

PTSD is maintained by avoidance of reminders of the trauma Signup and view all the answers

For posttraumatic stress disorder, the treatment with the best long-term outcome according to randomized controlled trials is:

Prolonged exposure Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following options is not an example of a re-experiencing symptom of PTSD?

Avoidance Signup and view all the answers

Based on research evidence, which of the following is more likely to result in PTSD?

Interpersonal trauma Signup and view all the answers

In the psychological treatment of PTSD, which of the following is a component of cognitive behaviour therapy for PTSD?

All of the given options are correct Signup and view all the answers

Postnatal depression is a:

Less common but serious disorder after childbirth Signup and view all the answers

After a first episode of depression, most people will:

Have another depressive episode (relapse) Signup and view all the answers

The association between depression and physical/medical illness is not explained by:

Better immune functioning in people with depression Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does current research evidence not support as an effective treatment for depression?

All of the given options are effective treatments for depression Signup and view all the answers

Aaron Beck's cognitive theory of depression suggests that in individuals with depression:

Dysfunctional negative cognitions result in depressive symptoms and depressive symptoms lead to negative cognitions Signup and view all the answers

Established risk factors for bipolar disorders include:

All of the given options are correct Signup and view all the answers

On average, an individual with bipolar I or II disorder is likely to experience:

More time being depressed than being manic or hypomanic Signup and view all the answers

When treating people with bipolar disorder, offering psychoeducation sessions as well as medication is likely to:

Reduce the rate of relapse Signup and view all the answers

The use of 'schizophrenia' as a diagnosis has been challenged because:

All of the given options are correct Signup and view all the answers

In psychosis, negative symptoms include:

Lack of drive, motivation, emotional expression and spontaneous speech Signup and view all the answers

Large-scale surveys suggest that psychotic experiences are:

Normally distributed across the general population Signup and view all the answers

During treatment of an acute episode of psychosis, medication is likely to:

Eliminate positive symptoms Signup and view all the answers

For people with long-term psychosis and persistent positive symptoms, provision of cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) as well as medication is likely to:

Reduce psychotic symptoms during CBT treatment and have long-term benefits after CBT treatment ceases Signup and view all the answers

Anorexia nervosa is mainly a disorder of:

Young women Signup and view all the answers

What does a model suggesting individuals with bipolar disorder have difficulties regulating?

Goal-directed behavior Signup and view all the answers

Which temperamental traits are associated with an increased risk for bipolar disorder?

Emotional reactivity and impulsivity Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of psychoeducation?

Informing about a mental health condition and coping strategies Signup and view all the answers

What does interpersonal and social rhythm therapy aim to manage?

Daily routines and social relationships Signup and view all the answers

What defines a positive symptom in schizophrenia?

Hallucinations and delusions Signup and view all the answers

What is affective flattening?

Reduced range and intensity of emotional expression Signup and view all the answers

What does a paranoid delusion involve?

Irrational belief of being persecuted or harmed Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is associated with disorganized thinking?

Incoherent connections between ideas Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes seasonal affective disorder?

A specific type of depression occurring mainly in fall and winter Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of interpersonal psychotherapy?

Improving interpersonal relationships to alleviate psychological distress Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes rapid cycling bipolar disorder?

Frequent shifts between manic or hypomanic and depressive episodes Signup and view all the answers

What defines a hypomanic episode?

Mildly elevated mood and increased energy without significant impairment Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary goal of pleasant activity scheduling?

To plan and engage in enjoyable activities to combat depression Signup and view all the answers

What does substance misuse in bipolar disorder refer to?

Utilizing alcohol or drugs to cope with mood swings Signup and view all the answers

What is the most likely consequence of underdiagnosis problems?

The response of different genotypes to environmental variations Signup and view all the answers

What is tardive dyskinesia primarily caused by?

Long-term use of neuroleptic drugs Signup and view all the answers

Which disorder is characterized by excessive worry about an undiagnosed condition?

Illness anxiety disorder Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of neurotransmitters in the context of the dopamine hypothesis?

To regulate positive and negative symptoms Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes conversion disorder?

Physical and sensory problems with no underlying pathology Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) in treating bipolar disorder?

Symptom monitoring and behavioral adjustments Signup and view all the answers

Which randomized controlled trial (RCT) demonstrated the efficacy of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) for managing anxiety in bipolar disorder?

Perich et al.(2013) Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of treatment did Family-Focused Therapy (FFT) improve to help reduce relapse rates in bipolar disorder?

Family communication and problem-solving skills Signup and view all the answers

In which stage of treatment was Interpersonal and Social Rhythm Therapy (IPSRT) found to be more effective than standard management?

Acute phase Signup and view all the answers

What treatment approach combines Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and minimal psychiatric care to reduce episodes in bipolar disorder?

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the results of the RCT conducted by Miklowitz et al.(2003) regarding Family-Focused Therapy?

Fewer relapses compared to brief psychoeducation Signup and view all the answers

When was the first randomized controlled trial (RCT) on Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) for bipolar disorder conducted?

1984 Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the key methods included in the CBT intervention for bipolar disorder?

Symptom monitoring Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Bipolar Disorder

Individuals with bipolar disorder struggle with regulating goal-directed behavior.
Increased risk for bipolar disorder associated with emotional reactivity and impulsivity.
Psychoeducation aims to inform individuals and families about mental health conditions and coping strategies.
Interpersonal and social rhythm therapy focuses on managing daily routines and social relationships for bipolar disorder.

Schizophrenia

Positive symptoms include hallucinations and delusions which extend beyond typical life experiences.
Affective flattening refers to a reduced range and intensity of emotional expression in schizophrenia.
Paranoid delusions involve irrational beliefs of being persecuted or harmed.
Disorganized thinking is characterized by incoherent connections between ideas.
The acute phase of schizophrenia is marked by the presence of hallucinations and delusions.

Seasonal Affective Disorder & Psychotherapy

Seasonal affective disorder is a specific type of depression occurring primarily in fall and winter.
Interpersonal psychotherapy works on improving interpersonal relationships to alleviate psychological distress.

Rapid Cycling & Hypomanic Episodes

Rapid cycling bipolar disorder is defined by frequent shifts between manic/hypomanic and depressive episodes.
Hypomanic episodes involve mildly elevated mood and increased energy without significant impairment.

Therapy Techniques

Pleasant activity scheduling aims to engage individuals in enjoyable activities to combat depression.
Substance misuse in bipolar disorder often refers to using alcohol or drugs to cope with mood swings.
Self-monitoring involves observing and recording one's emotional state for self-awareness.

Disorders & Symptoms

Cyclothymic disorder is characterized by chronic mood fluctuations between hypomania and mild depression.
Illness anxiety disorder involves excessive worry about having a serious undiagnosed condition.
Tardive dyskinesia is primarily caused by long-term use of neuroleptic drugs.
Conversion disorder results in physical and sensory problems without identifiable medical causes.

Psychological Constructs

Distress refers to emotional or psychological discomfort impacting well-being.
Dysfunction indicates impaired functioning in thoughts, emotions, or behaviors.

The disease model of addiction proposes addiction as a chronic medical condition due to brain changes.
Impaired control theories suggest addiction results from difficulties in behavior regulation.

Therapy Types

Motivational enhancement therapy aims to increase individual motivation for behavioral change.
Sensate focus exercises are used to enhance intimacy and connection through physical touch in therapy.

Disorders of Interest

Gender dysphoria involves distress from the incongruence between experienced and assigned gender.
Exhibitionistic disorder is characterized by sexual arousal from exposing genitals to unsuspecting individuals.
Bulimia nervosa includes binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors to prevent weight gain.

General Concepts

Clinically significant symptoms impact daily functioning meaningfully and are crucial for diagnosing psychological disorders.
Systematic desensitization treats phobias and anxiety disorders through gradual exposure techniques.### Hyperactive Sexual Desire Disorder
Characterized by excessive preoccupation with sexual thoughts and behaviors.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Involves persistent and excessive worry about various issues.

Exposure Therapy

A therapeutic technique that gradually exposes individuals to fear-inducing stimuli.
Includes methods such as flooding, which provides immediate and intense exposure to feared stimuli.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

Defined by the presence of obsessions (intrusive thoughts) and compulsions (repetitive behaviors).
Treatment often involves cognitive restructuring to challenge negative thought patterns and exposure and response prevention (ERP).

Self-Efficacy

Refers to the belief in one's ability to successfully perform tasks, influencing task approach.

Major Depressive Disorder

Common symptom includes sleep disturbances.

Avoidance Theory of Worry

Proposes that worry serves to avoid distressing emotions.

Panic Disorder

Characterized by recurring and unexpected panic attacks involving extreme fear or discomfort.

Interoceptive Exposure

Involves exposure to internal bodily sensations related to anxiety.

Body Dysmorphic Disorder

Involves obsessive focus on perceived flaws in appearance, often alongside disordered eating behaviors.

Protective Factors for Mental Health

Social support serves as a protective factor against developing mental disorders.

Neuroticism

A personality trait linked to a tendency to experience negative emotions.
Associated with anxiety and negative emotional states.

Token Economy

A behavioral intervention that uses rewards (tokens) for desired behaviors.

Modeling in Learning

Learning occurs through observation and imitation of others' behavior.

Comorbidity

Refers to experiencing multiple mental disorders simultaneously.

Treatment of Eating Disorders

Cognitive behavior therapy is currently the most evidence-based treatment for anorexia nervosa and effective for bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder.

Substance Use and Gambling Disorders

Tolerance refers to needing increasing amounts of a substance to achieve the same effect.
Gambling disorder criteria include a need to gamble with increasing amounts and preoccupation with gambling.

Diathesis-Stress Model

Explains how mental disorders can develop from the interaction between biological predispositions and environmental stressors.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

Effective for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).
Clients are assisted in identifying and challenging negative beliefs.

PTSD Treatment

Prolonged exposure is recognized as having the best long-term outcomes in PTSD treatment.
Cognitive behavioral therapy components for PTSD include psychoeducation, imaginal exposure, and cognitive restructuring.

Postnatal Depression

A less common but serious disorder occurring after childbirth, recognized as requiring specific attention and care.### Depression and Episodes
After a first episode of depression, most individuals are likely to experience another depressive episode (relapse).
Treatments for depression include cognitive behavioral therapy, interpersonal psychotherapy, medication, and bright light therapy; all have been validated by current research.

Links Between Depression and Physical Illness

The association between depression and medical illness is not explained by better immune functioning in depressed individuals.
Contributing factors include ongoing stressors related to medical conditions, physical/hormonal changes, and unhealthy lifestyle choices.

Cognitive Theory of Depression

Aaron Beck's cognitive theory posits that dysfunctional negative cognitions lead to depressive symptoms, and these symptoms can also perpetuate negative thought patterns.

Bipolar Disorder Risk Factors

Established risk factors for bipolar disorder encompass biological/genetic factors, temperament traits, and stressful life events.

Bipolar Disorder Patterns

On average, individuals with bipolar I or II disorder experience more time being depressed than manic or hypomanic.

Treatment Approaches for Bipolar Disorder

Offering psychoeducation alongside medication in bipolar disorder treatment is likely to reduce the rate of relapse.

Challenges in Schizophrenia Diagnosis

The diagnosis of schizophrenia faces scrutiny due to overlapping symptoms with other mental disorders, the occurrence of psychotic phenomena in the general population, and the potential for stigma against individuals.

Psychosis and Symptoms

Negative symptoms of psychosis include a lack of drive, emotional expression, and spontaneous speech, rather than hallucinations or delusions.

Prevalence of Psychotic Experiences

Large-scale surveys indicate that psychotic experiences are normally distributed across the general population, contradicting notions of rarity.

Treatment of Acute Psychosis

During acute psychotic episodes, medication is primarily effective in eliminating positive symptoms, such as hallucinations and delusions.

Long-term Benefits of CBT in Psychosis

For individuals with long-term psychosis and persistent positive symptoms, cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) combined with medication is likely to reduce symptoms during treatment and provide lasting benefits post-treatment.

Anorexia Nervosa Demographics

Anorexia nervosa predominantly affects young women, with limited prevalence in other demographic groups.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Bipolar Disorder

Primary focus is on symptom monitoring and behavioral adjustments to manage bipolar disorder effectively.
A key method within CBT interventions is the practice of symptom monitoring to track mood fluctuations.

Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT)

Efficacy for managing anxiety in bipolar disorder was demonstrated by the randomized controlled trial (RCT) conducted by Perich et al. in 2013.

Family-Focused Therapy (FFT)

FFT enhances family communication and problem-solving skills, which helps to reduce relapse rates in patients with bipolar disorder.
The RCT by Miklowitz et al. (2003) found that FFT resulted in fewer relapses compared to brief psychoeducation.

IPSRT was found to be more effective than standard management during the acute phase of treatment for bipolar disorder.

Treatment Approaches

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) can be combined with minimal psychiatric care to reduce episodes of bipolar disorder.

Historical Context of CBT in Bipolar Disorder

The first randomized controlled trial on CBT for bipolar disorder was conducted in 1984, marking a significant milestone in treatment research for this condition.

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