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QuestionType,QuestionText,AnswerA,AnswerB,AnswerC,AnswerD,,CorrectAnswers,CorrectAnswerText,CorrectAnswerInfo multiple\_choice,What does a model suggesting individuals with bipolar disorder have difficulties regulating?,Emotional responses,Social interactions,Goal-directed behavior,Interpersonal rel...

QuestionType,QuestionText,AnswerA,AnswerB,AnswerC,AnswerD,,CorrectAnswers,CorrectAnswerText,CorrectAnswerInfo multiple\_choice,What does a model suggesting individuals with bipolar disorder have difficulties regulating?,Emotional responses,Social interactions,Goal-directed behavior,Interpersonal relationships,,C,Goal-directed behavior,Individuals with bipolar disorder often struggle with regulating their goal-directed behavior. multiple\_choice,Which temperamental traits are associated with an increased risk for bipolar disorder?,Sociability and extroversion,Rigidity and stubbornness,Calmness and patience,Emotional reactivity and impulsivity,,D,Emotional reactivity and impulsivity,Emotional reactivity and impulsivity are traits that can contribute to the risk of developing bipolar disorder. multiple\_choice,What is the primary purpose of psychoeducation?,Assessing the severity of a mental health condition,Therapeutic intervention to manage symptoms,Providing treatment options for physical ailments,Informing about a mental health condition and coping strategies,,D,Informing about a mental health condition and coping strategies,Psychoeducation aims to provide individuals and families with information about mental health conditions and coping strategies. multiple\_choice,What does interpersonal and social rhythm therapy aim to manage?,Cognitive distortions,Physical health issues,Medication compliance,Daily routines and social relationships,,D,Daily routines and social relationships,This therapy approach focuses on managing daily routines and social relationships for those with bipolar disorder. multiple\_choice,What defines a positive symptom in schizophrenia?,Hallucinations and delusions,Typical experiences of life,Social withdrawal,Reduction of emotional and cognitive functioning,,A,Hallucinations and delusions,"Positive symptoms in schizophrenia include behaviors that extend beyond typical experiences, such as hallucinations and delusions." multiple\_choice,What is affective flattening?,Increased emotional expressiveness,Reduced range and intensity of emotional expression,Improvement in cognitive function,Embarrassment about emotions,,B,Reduced range and intensity of emotional expression,Affective flattening refers to a reduced range and intensity of emotional expression commonly observed in schizophrenia. multiple\_choice,What does a paranoid delusion involve?,False belief of being loved by someone,Belief in extraordinary intelligence,Beliefs about one's reputation being exaggerated,Irrational belief of being persecuted or harmed,,D,Irrational belief of being persecuted or harmed,Paranoid delusions are characterized by irrational beliefs that one is being persecuted or harmed by others. multiple\_choice,Which symptom is associated with disorganized thinking?,Incoherent connections between ideas,Focussed attention,Coherently structured thoughts,Enhanced problem-solving abilities,,A,Incoherent connections between ideas,"Disorganized thinking involves disruptions in thought processes, resulting in incoherent connections between ideas." multiple\_choice,What characterizes seasonal affective disorder?,"Low mood, fatigue, and sleep changes during all seasons",A specific type of depression occurring mainly in fall and winter,Increased energy and elevated mood year-round,Chronic fluctuations between manic and depressive episodes,,B,A specific type of depression occurring mainly in fall and winter,"Seasonal affective disorder is linked to specific seasons, typically fall and winter." multiple\_choice,What is the main focus of interpersonal psychotherapy?,Enhancing self-awareness and mindfulness,Improving interpersonal relationships to alleviate psychological distress,Improving medication adherence,Developing coping strategies for substance misuse,,B,Improving interpersonal relationships to alleviate psychological distress,Interpersonal psychotherapy aims to address psychological issues through the lens of relationships. multiple\_choice,Which of the following best describes rapid cycling bipolar disorder?,Frequent shifts between manic or hypomanic and depressive episodes,Involvement of only major depressive episodes without mania,Long periods of stability between mood episodes,Mild fluctuations between depressive episodes,,A,Frequent shifts between manic or hypomanic and depressive episodes,Rapid cycling bipolar disorder is defined by its quick transitions between mood states. multiple\_choice,What defines a hypomanic episode?,Chronic depressive symptoms occurring daily,Mildly elevated mood and increased energy without significant impairment,Extreme agitation or irritability only,Severe mood elevation leading to hospitalization,,B,Mildly elevated mood and increased energy without significant impairment,A hypomanic episode is characterized by less severe symptoms than a full manic episode. multiple\_choice,What is a primary goal of pleasant activity scheduling?,To plan and engage in enjoyable activities to combat depression,To identify underlying personality disorders,To increase medication dependence,To reduce the frequency of therapy sessions,,A,To plan and engage in enjoyable activities to combat depression,Pleasant activity scheduling is aimed at improving mood through engagement in enjoyable tasks. multiple\_choice,What does substance misuse in bipolar disorder refer to?,Using medication as prescribed,Abstaining from caffeine and nicotine,Utilizing alcohol or drugs to cope with mood swings,Frequent exercise to manage mood,,C,Utilizing alcohol or drugs to cope with mood swings,Substance misuse in bipolar disorder highlights the use of substances to manage mood fluctuations. multiple\_choice,What is the most likely consequence of underdiagnosis problems?,Consistent improvement in patient outcomes,Medical conditions remaining unrecognized and untreated,Over-reliance on specific medications,Accurate treatment plans being formed,,B,Medical conditions remaining unrecognized and untreated,Underdiagnosis leads to individuals not receiving necessary medical attention for their conditions. multiple\_choice,What is the characteristic of cyclothymic disorder?,Periods of severe manic episodes only,Stable moods with no significant fluctuations,A single manic episode followed by major depression,Chronic mood fluctuations between hypomania and mild depression,,D,Chronic mood fluctuations between hypomania and mild depression,Cyclothymic disorder is defined by its chronic pattern of mood changes. multiple\_choice,What defines paranoia?,Intense mistrust and fear of others,A neurological syndrome caused by drugs,Excessive worry about physical symptoms,A disconnection between thoughts and identity,,A,Intense mistrust and fear of others,"Paranoia is characterized by intense mistrust, suspicion, and fear of others." multiple\_choice,During which phase of schizophrenia do significant symptoms first appear?,Late recovery phase,Early recovery phase,Prodromal phase,Acute phase,,C,Prodromal phase,The prodromal phase is the period immediately before the onset of significant symptoms. multiple\_choice,What characterizes the acute phase of schizophrenia?,Presence of hallucinations and delusions,Time period before noticeable symptoms appear,Sustained improvement in symptoms,Chronic physical symptoms without medical explanation,,A,Presence of hallucinations and delusions,The acute phase is when an individual experiences acute symptoms like hallucinations and delusions. multiple\_choice,What is meant by enduring psychosis?,Persistent presence of psychotic symptoms despite treatment,The recovery phase following acute symptoms,A reduction in symptoms due to therapy,Intermittent presence of psychotic symptoms,,A,Persistent presence of psychotic symptoms despite treatment,Enduring psychosis refers to the persistent presence of psychotic symptoms despite treatment. multiple\_choice,What does gene-environment interaction refer to?,The similarity in traits among identical twins,The absence of symptoms despite treatment,The way environmental factors impact gene expression,The response of different genotypes to environmental variations,,D,The response of different genotypes to environmental variations,Gene-environment interaction occurs when different genotypes respond to environmental variations differently. multiple\_choice,What is tardive dyskinesia primarily caused by?,Excessive anxiety about illness,Severe disconnect between thoughts and identity,Deficiencies in neurotransmitter signaling,Long-term use of neuroleptic drugs,,D,Long-term use of neuroleptic drugs,Tardive dyskinesia is a neurological syndrome caused by long-term use of neuroleptic drugs. multiple\_choice,Which disorder is characterized by excessive worry about an undiagnosed condition?,Hypnosis-related disorder,Somatic symptom disorder,Illness anxiety disorder,Psychosomatic disorder,,C,Illness anxiety disorder,Illness anxiety disorder is marked by excessive worry about having a serious undiagnosed condition. multiple\_choice,What is the primary function of neurotransmitters in the context of the dopamine hypothesis?,To induce a state of relaxation,To regulate positive and negative symptoms,To facilitate communication between neurons,To maintain focus during therapy,,B,To regulate positive and negative symptoms,"In the dopamine hypothesis, dysregulation of dopamine signaling leads to both positive and negative symptoms." multiple\_choice,What characterizes conversion disorder?,Exaggeration of symptoms for secondary gain,Impulsive eating followed by purging,Physical and sensory problems with no underlying pathology,Loss of memory due to traumatic events,,C,Physical and sensory problems with no underlying pathology,Conversion disorder involves physical and sensory issues without identifiable medical causes. multiple\_choice,Which condition involves a lack of psychological distress despite serious medical symptoms?,Derealization,Alexithymia,La belle indifference,Factitious disorder,,C,La belle indifference,La belle indifference refers to the absence of concern that one would typically expect given the severity of their medical symptoms. multiple\_choice,What is factitious disorder?,A condition marked by selective memory loss,An eating disorder characterized by binge eating,A dissociative disorder involving distinct identity states,Deliberately feigning symptoms without any external incentive,,D,Deliberately feigning symptoms without any external incentive,Factitious disorder involves intentionally producing or faking symptoms without a clear motive for personal gain. multiple\_choice,What is sensory disturbance?,Altered perceptions affecting the five senses,Intense feelings of identity confusion,Disruption in emotional understanding,Complete loss of memory,,A,Altered perceptions affecting the five senses,"Sensory disturbance refers to changes in the way individuals experience their senses, impacting perception." multiple\_choice,Which of the following correctly defines malingering?,Deliberate feigning of symptoms for personal gain,Medical harm caused by treatment,Dissociative episodes leading to identity confusion,Loss of memory following a traumatic event,,A,Deliberate feigning of symptoms for personal gain,Malingering is the intentional exaggeration or feigning of symptoms for personal or financial gain. multiple\_choice,What does the hormonal stress response system refer to?,A syndrome recognized within cultural groups,A method for observing one's thoughts over time,An eating disorder characterized by compulsive behaviors,The HPA axis involved in regulating hormonal release,,D,The HPA axis involved in regulating hormonal release,The HPA axis (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis) is crucial for the hormonal response to stress. multiple\_choice,Which term describes difficulty in identifying and expressing emotions?,Disassociation,Alexithymia,Identity alteration,Derealization,,B,Alexithymia,Alexithymia refers to challenges in recognizing and articulating one's own emotions. multiple\_choice,What does self-monitoring involve?,Experiencing shifts in identity states,Gaining insight through structured interviews,Taking memory tests while hypnotized,Observing and recording one's own emotional state,,D,Observing and recording one's own emotional state,Self-monitoring is the practice of tracking one's thoughts and feelings over time. multiple\_choice,What defines bulimia nervosa?,Recurrent episodes of food regurgitation,Eating non-food substances,Binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors,Consuming large amounts of food with loss of control,,C,Binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors,Bulimia nervosa includes episodes of binge eating followed by behaviors like purging to prevent weight gain. multiple\_choice,What is the primary purpose of motivational enhancement therapy?,To increase motivation for behavioral change,To diagnose dissociative disorders,To expose underlying psychological distress,To improve memory recall through structured methods,,A,To increase motivation for behavioral change,Motivational enhancement therapy aims to boost an individual's motivation to change problematic behaviors. multiple\_choice,What is the primary focus of sensitivity exercises in sexual therapy?,To diagnose sexual dysfunctions,To increase sexual desire through medication,To educate on sexual health,To enhance intimacy through structured touching activities,,D,To enhance intimacy through structured touching activities,Sensate focus exercises are designed to build intimacy and connection through physical touch. multiple\_choice,What characterizes gender dysphoria?,The infliction of pain for sexual pleasure,A disorder marked by sexual arousal from cross-dressing,A strong preference for the opposite gender,Distress from incongruence between experienced gender and assigned gender,,D,Distress from incongruence between experienced gender and assigned gender,Gender dysphoria involves emotional distress due to the mismatch between one's experienced identity and biological sex. multiple\_choice,Which of the following disorders involves sexual arousal from exposing genitals to unsuspecting individuals?,Exhibitionistic disorder,Paedophilic disorder,Frotteuristic disorder,Voyeuristic disorder,,A,Exhibitionistic disorder,Exhibitionistic disorder is specifically characterized by the act of exposing genitals without consent. multiple\_choice,What is the definition of dysfunction in a psychological context?,A collection of symptoms indicating a condition,The immediate gratification of desires,"Impaired functioning in thoughts, emotions, or behaviors",An emotional display that is socially acceptable,,C,"Impaired functioning in thoughts, emotions, or behaviors",Dysfunction refers to an impairment in how one functions emotionally or behaviorally. multiple\_choice,What does paraphilic disorder primarily refer to?,Standard sexual behavior,Normal variations in sexual preference,Difficulty attaining sexual arousal,Intense sexual interest in atypical objects or situations,,D,Intense sexual interest in atypical objects or situations,Paraphilias involve atypical sexual interests that diverge from societal norms. multiple\_choice,What is the primary purpose of social skills training?,To enhance interpersonal and communication skills,To improve intimacy in relationships,To treat sexual dysfunctions,To develop accurate self-assessment skills,,A,To enhance interpersonal and communication skills,Social skills training aims to enhance interpersonal interactions through skill development. multiple\_choice,Which term refers to emotional or psychological discomfort impacting well-being?,Dysfunction,Syndrome,Distress,Affect,,C,Distress,Distress indicates discomfort that can affect various aspects of a person's life. multiple\_choice,What does systematic desensitization aim to treat?,Psychoses,Sexual arousal disorders,Mood disorders,Phobias and anxiety disorders,,D,Phobias and anxiety disorders,Systematic desensitization is a technique used specifically for phobias and anxiety. multiple\_choice,Which condition is characterized by sexual arousal from inflicting pain or humiliation on others?,Exhibitionistic disorder,Sexual masochistic disorder,Frotteuristic disorder,Sexual sadistic disorder,,D,Sexual sadistic disorder,Sexual sadistic disorder involves deriving pleasure from harming or humiliating others. multiple\_choice,What best defines clinically significant symptoms or behaviors?,Characteristics that lead to social disapproval,Behaviors that are common in most individuals,All interactions that are socially accepted,Symptoms that impact daily functioning meaningfully,,D,Symptoms that impact daily functioning meaningfully,Clinically significant symptoms refer to those that materially affect an individual's capability to function. multiple\_choice,What does a decisional analysis sheet primarily provide?,A checklist for diagnosing psychological disorders,A list of advantages and disadvantages associated with a behavior,A summary of treatments for addiction,An overview of symptom management techniques,,B,A list of advantages and disadvantages associated with a behavior,A decisional analysis sheet helps individuals weigh the pros and cons of continuing or changing specific behaviors. multiple\_choice,What characterizes muscle dysmorphia?,Distorted body image related to fat consumption,Obsessive concern over perceived inadequacy in muscularity,Obsessive concern over body weight,Fear of physical activity,,B,Obsessive concern over perceived inadequacy in muscularity,Muscle dysmorphia is a psychological disorder where individuals are excessively worried about their muscular appearance. multiple\_choice,Which statement defines withdrawal accurately?,The process of increasing substance intake to avoid symptoms,A type of cognitive behavioral therapy,Physical and psychological symptoms from reducing substance use,A method for treating substance use disorders,,C,Physical and psychological symptoms from reducing substance use,Withdrawal refers to the symptoms experienced when a dependent person stops or reduces their substance use. multiple\_choice,What does the disease model of addiction propose?,Addiction is a chronic medical condition due to brain changes,Addiction results from environmental factors only,Addiction is purely a behavioral issue,Addiction is a mandatory consequence of choice,,A,Addiction is a chronic medical condition due to brain changes,The disease model of addiction suggests that addiction is a chronic condition caused by alterations in brain structure and functioning. multiple\_choice,What do impaired control theories suggest about addiction?,Addiction is caused by a lack of motivation,Addiction arises from cultural influences,Addiction is a phase of recovery,Addiction results from difficulties in behavior regulation,,D,Addiction results from difficulties in behavior regulation,Impaired control theories focus on how challenges in regulating behavior can lead to loss of control over substance use. multiple\_choice,How many symptoms must an individual exhibit to be diagnosed with gambling disorder?,Three,Four,Five,Six,,B,Four,A diagnosis of gambling disorder requires at least four specific symptoms to be present. multiple\_choice,What is the public health model focused on?,Individual treatments for addiction,Population-wide prevention and intervention strategies,Social factors affecting mental health,Medical management of chronic diseases,,B,Population-wide prevention and intervention strategies,The public health model emphasizes strategies that target entire populations for preventing health issues. multiple\_choice,What does hyperactive sexual desire disorder entail?,Excessive preoccupation with sexual thoughts or behaviors,Difficulty maintaining sexual arousal,A complete lack of sexual interest,Discomfort in sexual situations,,A,Excessive preoccupation with sexual thoughts or behaviors,Hyperactive sexual desire disorder is characterized by an overwhelming focus on sexual thoughts and activities. multiple\_choice,Which anxiety disorder is characterized by persistent and excessive worry over various issues?,Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder,Generalized Anxiety Disorder,Social Anxiety Disorder,Posttraumatic Stress Disorder,,B,Generalized Anxiety Disorder,Generalized Anxiety Disorder involves excessive worry about a variety of concerns. multiple\_choice,What therapeutic technique gradually exposes individuals to fear-inducing stimuli?,Aversion Therapy,Cognitive Behavioral Therapy,Dialectical Behavior Therapy,Exposure Therapy,,D,Exposure Therapy,Exposure Therapy is used to help individuals confront their fears incrementally. multiple\_choice,What is a characteristic feature of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder?,Mood swings and temper outbursts,Compulsive eating habits,Presence of obsessions and compulsions,Intense fear of social situations,,C,Presence of obsessions and compulsions,OCD is defined by obsessions (intrusive thoughts) and compulsions (repetitive behaviors). multiple\_choice,Which concept refers to the belief in one's ability to successfully perform tasks?,Meta-Beliefs,Anxiety Sensitivity,Self-Efficacy,Interoceptive Exposure,,C,Self-Efficacy,Self-efficacy influences how individuals approach challenges and tasks. multiple\_choice,What symptom is commonly associated with major depressive disorder?,Excessive energy levels,Sleep disturbances,Compulsive behaviors,Disorganization of thoughts,,B,Sleep disturbances,Sleep disturbances are typical in individuals with major depressive disorder. multiple\_choice,What does the avoidance theory of worry suggest?,Worry serves as a way to avoid distressing emotions,Worry is a beneficial coping mechanism in high-threat situations,Worry is purely cognitive and has no behavioral component,Worry is focused only on future events without coping implications,,A,Worry serves as a way to avoid distressing emotions,The avoidance theory posits that people worry to prevent facing uncomfortable feelings. multiple\_choice,What is flooding in the context of exposure therapy?,Gradual exposure to fear stimuli,A prevention strategy for relapse in anxiety disorders,Immediate and intense exposure to feared stimuli,Therapeutic technique involving cognitive restructuring,,C,Immediate and intense exposure to feared stimuli,Flooding involves intense and immediate exposure to anxiety-inducing stimuli. multiple\_choice,Which of the following is a common symptom of panic attacks?,Extreme fear or discomfort,Disruption of sleep patterns,Loss of appetite,Euphoria,,A,Extreme fear or discomfort,Panic attacks are marked by sudden and intense feelings of fear or discomfort. multiple\_choice,What does interoceptive exposure involve?,Fear exposure in real-world situations,Coping with uncertainty without avoidance,Confronting social fears through role play,Exposure to internal bodily sensations related to anxiety,,D,Exposure to internal bodily sensations related to anxiety,Interoceptive exposure focuses on exposing individuals to anxiety-related bodily sensations. multiple\_choice,What disorder is characterized by an obsessive focus on perceived flaws in appearance?,Anorexia Nervosa,Generalized Anxiety Disorder,Body Dysmorphic Disorder,Major Depressive Disorder,,C,Body Dysmorphic Disorder,Body Dysmorphic Disorder involves a preoccupation with perceived defects in appearance. multiple\_choice,What can be considered a protective factor against developing a mental disorder?,Social support,Isolation from others,High levels of stress,Substance abuse,,A,Social support,"Social support can act as a protective factor, reducing the risk of mental health disorders." multiple\_choice,What is a core characteristic of neuroticism as a personality trait?,Tendency to experience negative emotions,Chronic optimism,A consistent lack of motivation,An inclination towards creative pursuits,,A,Tendency to experience negative emotions,Neuroticism is linked to frequent experiences of anxiety and negative emotional states. multiple\_choice,What best describes exposure and response prevention (ERP)?,A method of relaxation and mindfulness training,A strategy for avoiding distressing thoughts,A technique for treating depression,Involves exposure to feared situations without engaging in compulsions,,D,Involves exposure to feared situations without engaging in compulsions,"ERP is specifically used for OCD, combining exposure to fears with prevention of compulsive responses." multiple\_choice,What is a token economy?,A method for measuring emotional intelligence,A financial strategy in behavioral finance,A behavioral intervention using rewards for desired behaviors,An economic theory of reward distribution,,C,A behavioral intervention using rewards for desired behaviors,A token economy involves offering tokens as rewards for specific behaviors. multiple\_choice,What is modeling in the context of learning?,Learning through observing and imitating others' behavior,The process of creating artwork based on observation,A therapeutic technique to enhance self-awareness,A technique for building cognitive resilience,,A,Learning through observing and imitating others' behavior,Modeling is a learning process where individuals learn by imitating others. multiple\_choice,What does cognitive restructuring aim to address?,Changing positive thought patterns,Challenging and changing negative thought patterns,Enhancing problem-solving skills,Improving emotional intelligence,,B,Challenging and changing negative thought patterns,Cognitive restructuring focuses on altering negative thought patterns to improve mental health. multiple\_choice,What is a behavioral experiment used for in cognitive-behavioral therapy?,To encourage spontaneous behaviors in social situations,To test the accuracy of beliefs through real-life actions,To develop personal insight into one's behavior,To measure emotional responses to various stimuli,,B,To test the accuracy of beliefs through real-life actions,Behavioral experiments help individuals examine the validity of their beliefs through action. multiple\_choice,What does unconditional positive regard entail?,A focus on maintaining distance in therapeutic settings,Experiencing love contingent on specific achievements,Acceptance and respect without any judgment,Providing conditional support based on behavior,,C,Acceptance and respect without any judgment,Unconditional positive regard is about valuing individuals without judgments. multiple\_choice,What is the diathesis-stress model used to explain?,The interaction between biological predispositions and environmental stressors,The societal impacts on cognitive development,The relationship between familial patterns and mental disorders,The social influences on anxiety disorders,,A,The interaction between biological predispositions and environmental stressors,The diathesis-stress model explains how mental disorders can develop from genetic and environmental factors. multiple\_choice,What characterizes a panic disorder?,Consistent feelings of unease in social situations,An irrational fear of specific objects or situations,Recurring and unexpected panic attacks,A fear of leaving home or being in crowds,,C,Recurring and unexpected panic attacks,Panic disorder is identified by the occurrence of unexpected panic attacks. multiple\_choice,What defines comorbidity in mental health?,A continuum of an emotional disorder,Having a single type of mental disorder,Experiencing multiple disorders simultaneously,The first onset of a disorder in adulthood,,C,Experiencing multiple disorders simultaneously,Comorbidity refers to the presence of more than one distinct mental health condition in an individual. multiple\_choice,"An individual with abnormal cognitions about shape, weight and self-worth, but normal body weight, and who binge eats, diets and purges is most likely to be diagnosed with:",Anorexia nervosa,Binge eating disorder,None of the given options is correct,Bulimia nervosa,Purging disorder,D,Bulimia nervosa, multiple\_choice,"In comparison with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder does not include:",None of the given options is correct,High levels of trait anxiety,Low levels of perfectionism,Regular engagement in weight-control behaviours,All of the given options are correct,D,Regular engagement in weight-control behaviours, multiple\_choice,"Currently, the most evidence-based treatment for anorexia nervosa is:",Cognitive behaviour therapy,Medication,Neither cognitive behaviour therapy nor medication,Both cognitive behaviour therapy and medication,None of the options listed is correct,A,Cognitive behaviour therapy, multiple\_choice,The dual pathway model of bulimia nervosa suggests that binge eating episodes are triggered by:,None of the given options is correct,Dieting,All of the given options are correct,Negative affect,Interaction between dieting and negative affect,C,All of the given options are correct, multiple\_choice,'Tolerance' of a substance refers to:,Spending a large amount of time obtaining or using it,Continuing substance use although it is causing problems,Sociocultural acceptance that its use is normal,Needing decreasing amounts of the substance to get the same effect,Needing increasing amounts of the substance to get the same effect,E,Needing increasing amounts of the substance to get the same effect, multiple\_choice,"In the treatment of substance use disorders, medication can be useful to:",Block the rewarding effects of the harmful substance,Substitute for the harmful substance,All of the given options are correct,Reduce the severity of withdrawal symptoms,None of the given options is correct,C,All of the given options are correct, multiple\_choice,Which of the following is not a criterion for gambling disorder?,A need to gamble with increasing amounts of money,Frequent gambling when feeling distressed,Gambling when alone,Lying to conceal the extent of gambling,Preoccupation with gambling,C,Gambling when alone, multiple\_choice,"Compared to the general community in Australia, individuals who use methamphetamine are:",At the same risk of psychosis,11 times more likely to experience psychosis,Likely to experience a milder form of psychosis,Unlikely to experience psychosis,11 times less likely to experience psychosis,B,11 times more likely to experience psychosis, multiple\_choice,Cognitive errors hypothesized to result in problem gambling include all of the following except:,Catastrophic thinking,Gambler's fallacy,Biased evaluations,Selective recall,Illusionary correlations,A,Catastrophic thinking, multiple\_choice,Which of the following is not one of Kaplan's stages of sexual functioning?,Dysfunction,None of the given options is correct,Desire,Orgasm,Arousal,A,Dysfunction, multiple\_choice,A paedophilic act is also classified as incest if:,The victim and perpetrator know each other,The perpetrator is five years or more older than the victim,The victim and perpetrator are close relatives,The perpetrator is an adult,The perpetrator is five years or more younger than the victim,C,The victim and perpetrator are close relatives, multiple\_choice,Psychological research has explained marital problems in terms of:,All of the given options are correct,Spouses' perceptions of their partner,"Negativity in thoughts, feelings and behaviour",Negative patterns of interaction between spouses,Individual spouses' personality characteristics,A,All of the given options are correct, multiple\_choice,Which of the following does not form part of the definition of abnormal behaviour?,Rarity,Norm violation,Distress,Dysfunction,Treatment,E,Treatment, multiple\_choice,The rational-emotive therapist Albert Ellis believed that people respond to:,Their conditioning,Modelling,Their interpretations of events,Social expectations,Interpersonal relationships,C,Their interpretations of events, multiple\_choice,The main drawback of drug treatment for psychological problems is the:,High rate of relapse once the drug is stopped,Lack of efficacy,Side effects of the drug,Cost of the drug,Need for the drug to be prescribed by a doctor,A,High rate of relapse once the drug is stopped, multiple\_choice,The diathesis-stress model explains mental disorders in terms of:,An interaction between biological and psychological factors,Neurotransmitter imbalance,Brain abnormalities,Adverse life events,Personality types,A,An interaction between biological and psychological factors, multiple\_choice,The dimensional approach to mental disorders argues that disorders:,Are arbitrary,Are categorical in nature,Are comorbid,Exist along a continuum,Are socially constructed,D,Exist along a continuum, multiple\_choice,The most effective treatment for a specific phobia is:,Conditioning,In vivo exposure,Counselling,Imaginal exposure,Empathy,B,In vivo exposure, multiple\_choice,Development of a panic disorder requires:,None of the given options is correct,A generalized psychological vulnerability,A specific psychological vulnerability,All of the given options are correct,A generalized biological vulnerability,D,All of the given options are correct, multiple\_choice,"According to the Wells meta-cognitive model of generalised anxiety disorder (GAD), an individual with GAD is likely to have:",Both positive and negative beliefs about worrying,Only negative beliefs about worrying,None of the given options is correct,Only positive beliefs about worrying,All of the given options are correct,A,Both positive and negative beliefs about worrying, multiple\_choice,Generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) has a lifetime prevalence in Australia of about:,6.1 percent,0.1 percent,1.2 percent,2.3 percent,9.5 percent,A,6.1 percent, multiple\_choice,Which of the following is not true of cognitive behaviour therapy in the treatment of generalised anxiety disorder?,Clients are taught to suppress their worries,Clients are assisted to identify negative beliefs,Treatment gains are maintained after therapy stops,Clients are taught to re-appraise negative predictions about threats,"By the end of therapy, at most only 57 percent of clients score in the non-clinical range on measures of symptoms",A,Clients are taught to suppress their worries, multiple\_choice,"According to the research evidence, the most effective treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder is:",Skills training,Medication,Behavioural macros,Psychosurgery,Cognitive behaviour therapy,E,Cognitive behaviour therapy, multiple\_choice,Obsessive-compulsive disorder has a prevalence rate of about:,1 percent,0.1 percent,2-3 percent,0.3 percent,0.2 percent,C,2-3 percent, multiple\_choice,"According to the DSM-5, the presence of OCD is diagnosed using which criteria?","Obsessions, compulsions, poor insight, history of a tic disorder and distress that interfere with social and occupational functioning",Obsessions or compulsions that cause distress and interfere with social and occupational functioning,Obsessions and compulsions that cause distress and interfere with social and occupational functioning,Obsessions and/or compulsions that are not a product of the person's own mind and that cause distress and interfere with social and occupational functioning,"Obsessions and/or compulsions that cause distress, are time-consuming, interfere with social and occupational functioning and are not attributed to a substance, medical condition or other disorder",E,"Obsessions and/or compulsions that cause distress, are time-consuming, interfere with social and occupational functioning and are not attributed to a substance, medical condition or other disorder", multiple\_choice,Which of these is not a common task in cognitive-behavioural treatment of OCD?,Exposure,Behavioural experiments,Confronting patients with germs and disease,Psychoeducation,Challenging irrational beliefs,C,Confronting patients with germs and disease, multiple\_choice,"Diana is concerned about her physical appearance. She constantly thinks that her body is the wrong shape and size, despite having had cosmetic surgery. Diana is displaying signs of:",Obsessions,Anorexia nervosa,Bulimia,Generalised anxiety,Body dysmorphic disorder,E,Body dysmorphic disorder, multiple\_choice,"Biological, learning and cognitive models of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) all recognize that:",PTSD develops in almost everyone who experiences a trauma,None of the given options is correct,PTSD is more common in men than in women,PTSD is a fear-conditioned response,PTSD is maintained by avoidance of reminders of the trauma,E,PTSD is maintained by avoidance of reminders of the trauma, multiple\_choice,"For posttraumatic stress disorder, the treatment with the best long-term outcome according to randomized controlled trials is:",Imaginal exposure,Prolonged exposure,Hypnotherapy,Supportive counselling,Stress management,B,Prolonged exposure, multiple\_choice,Which of the following options is not an example of a re-experiencing symptom of PTSD?,Nightmares,Intrusive memories,Avoidance,Reliving the event,Flashbacks,C,Avoidance, multiple\_choice,"Based on research evidence, which of the following is more likely to result in PTSD?",None of the given options is correct,War-related trauma,Natural disasters,Sudden accidents,Interpersonal trauma,E,Interpersonal trauma, multiple\_choice,"In the psychological treatment of PTSD, which of the following is a component of cognitive behaviour therapy for PTSD?",All of the given options are correct,Psychoeducation,Imaginal exposure,Anxiety management,Cognitive restructuring,A,All of the given options are correct, multiple\_choice,Postnatal depression is a:,Type of depression that does not respond to medication,"Brief period of depression after childbirth, occurring in 70 percent of women",Less common but serious disorder after childbirth,"Mild long-term condition, involving low mood, which does not meet the criteria for depression",C,C,Less common but serious disorder after childbirth,Postnatal depression is recognized as a serious and less common condition following childbirth. multiple\_choice,"After a first episode of depression, most people will:",Never have another depressive episode (recovery),Seek professional treatment as soon as possible,Make a suicide attempt,Recover within one week,Have another depressive episode (relapse),E,Have another depressive episode (relapse), multiple\_choice,The association between depression and physical/medical illness is not explained by:,Better immune functioning in people with depression,Ongoing stressors of dealing with a medical illness,Physical/hormonal changes due to medical illness,Increased rates of death following a cardiac event,Unhealthy lifestyle choices by people with depression,A,Better immune functioning in people with depression, multiple\_choice,Which of the following does current research evidence not support as an effective treatment for depression?,Bright light therapy,Cognitive behaviour therapy,All of the given options are effective treatments for depression,Interpersonal psychotherapy,Medication,C,All of the given options are effective treatments for depression, multiple\_choice,Aaron Beck's cognitive theory of depression suggests that in individuals with depression:,Depressive symptoms lead to negative cognitions,Neither do dysfunctional negative cognitions result in depressive symptoms nor do depressive symptoms lead to negative cognitions,Depressive symptoms result in negative cognitions,Dysfunctional negative cognitions result in depressive symptoms,Dysfunctional negative cognitions result in depressive symptoms and depressive symptoms lead to negative cognitions,E,Dysfunctional negative cognitions result in depressive symptoms and depressive symptoms lead to negative cognitions, multiple\_choice,Established risk factors for bipolar disorders include:,Biological/genetic factors,Temperament,Stressful life events,None of the given options is correct,All of the given options are correct,E,All of the given options are correct, multiple\_choice,"On average, an individual with bipolar I or II disorder is likely to experience:",Equal time being depressed and being manic or hypomanic,More time being manic or hypomanic than being depressed,None of the given options is correct - none of these patterns is more common than the others,"Only time being manic, no time being depressed",More time being depressed than being manic or hypomanic,E,More time being depressed than being manic or hypomanic, multiple\_choice,"When treating people with bipolar disorder, offering psychoeducation sessions as well as medication is likely to:",Reduce the rate of relapse,Decrease compliance with medication,Increase the rate of relapse,Trigger a mood shift to the opposite pole,Be ineffective due to their current symptoms,A,Reduce the rate of relapse, multiple\_choice,The use of 'schizophrenia' as a diagnosis has been challenged because:,There is a large overlap between schizophrenia and other mental disorders,Psychotic phenomena occur in the general population,All of the given options are correct,None of the given options is correct,It leads to stigma and distress in clients,C,All of the given options are correct, multiple\_choice,"In psychosis, negative symptoms include:",Hallucinations,Anxiety,Delusions,Mistrust of others,"Lack of drive, motivation, emotional expression and spontaneous speech",E,"Lack of drive, motivation, emotional expression and spontaneous speech", multiple\_choice,Large-scale surveys suggest that psychotic experiences are:,Normally distributed across the general population,Common among those of higher socioeconomic status,Very rare in the general population,None of the given options is correct,Very common in the general population,A,Normally distributed across the general population, multiple\_choice,"During treatment of an acute episode of psychosis, medication is likely to:",Eliminate positive symptoms,Eliminate negative symptoms,Result in weight loss,All of the given options are correct,Eliminate tardive dyskinesia,A,Eliminate positive symptoms, multiple\_choice,"For people with long-term psychosis and persistent positive symptoms, provision of cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) as well as medication is likely to:",Reduce psychotic symptoms but have no long-term benefits after CBT treatment ceases,Neither reduce psychotic symptoms during CBT treatment nor have long-term benefits after CBT treatment ceases,Reduce psychotic symptoms during CBT treatment,Reduce psychotic symptoms during CBT treatment and have long-term benefits after CBT treatment ceases,Have long-term benefits after CBT treatment ceases,D,Reduce psychotic symptoms during CBT treatment and have long-term benefits after CBT treatment ceases, multiple\_choice,Anorexia nervosa is mainly a disorder of:,Middle-aged men,Young men,Middle-aged women,All of the given demographic categories are equally affected,Young women,E,Young women,Young women