4.01 Eukaryotic Cells Part 1

Study Notes

Eukaryotes possess membrane-bound organelles.
Cell replication in eukaryotes occurs through mitosis and meiosis.
Eukaryotic DNA is organized as both linear (in the nucleus) and circular (in mitochondria and chloroplasts).
Eukaryotic cells typically range from 1-100 µm, with some larger exceptions.
Histones and chromatin are present in eukaryotes, aiding in DNA packaging and regulation.
Eukaryotes utilize the Na+/K+ pump for ion transport.
Cellular respiration in eukaryotes involves the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain.

Both cell types contain ribosomes, although eukaryotic ribosomes are 80s and prokaryotic ribosomes are 70s.
Both eukaryotes and prokaryotes have a cytoplasm and plasma membrane.
Both utilize DNA and RNA for genetic material.
Flagella may be present in both types of cells for motility.
Each cell type has a cytoskeleton that helps maintain structure.
Both can possess a cell wall, with eukaryotic plants having cellulose, fungi having chitin, and prokaryotes having peptidoglycan.
Glycolysis occurs in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes as part of energy production.

Eukaryotes are classified into four main kingdoms:
- Animalia: Includes humans, mammals, reptiles, fish, sponges, and crustaceans.
- Plantae: Includes trees, ferns, shrubs, and mosses.
- Fungi: Includes mushrooms, yeasts, and molds.
- Protista: Includes amoebas, slime molds, and algae.

Nucleolus:
- Contains protein, rRNA, and DNA.
- Responsible for the synthesis of 80s ribosomes.
Nuclear Envelope:
- Composed of phospholipids and proteins, including nuclear pores.
- Functions to separate the nucleus from the cytoplasm.
Nuclear Pores:
- Proteins that regulate the passage of molecules.
- Allow entry of proteins and ions, and exit of ribosomes (rRNA and protein), mRNA, tRNA, and ions.
Chromatin:
- Composed of DNA and proteins (histones).
- Divided into euchromatin (transcribable) and heterochromatin (non-transcribable).
- Functions to package DNA and regulate gene expression.