Untitled Quiz

<p>It provides energy for transporting other solutes uphill (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Osmoregulation processes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>One substance is transported one way while another substance is transported the opposite way (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It couples the movement of multiple solutes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prevention of osmotic swelling (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They diffuse through fluid to nearby target cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cells act on themselves by releasing a local regulator. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Synaptic signaling (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Local signaling affects only nearby cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The number of receptors decreases. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An electrical signal along a nerve cell. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The presence of a signaling molecule in excess. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Electrical signaling (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To allow cells to take in specific molecules with minimal fluid intake. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An increase in intracellular calcium levels. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Newborns have the highest percentage of total body water. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Na+ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They may attach to the outer surface of the cell. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It predominantly contains potassium and magnesium ions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The membrane forms a pit that soon pinches off. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>About 2/3 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They exert osmotic pressure causing water to enter the capillaries. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To send signal information to the control center. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The concentration of K+ inside and outside the cell. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By generating signal commands necessary for correction. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To transmit commands from the control center to effector organs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A mechanism that maintains the internal environment within narrow limits. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Feedback loops (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is the point the body strives to maintain for normal functioning. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transporting receptors to lysosomes for destruction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To convert the signal into a form that triggers a cellular response (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They require G protein for signal transduction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The channel either opens or closes to regulate ion flow (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibition of hormone synthesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In the cytoplasm or nucleus of target cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enzyme-linked receptors (Receptor tyrosine kinases) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Small, hydrophobic molecules (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>IP3 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It activates protein kinase C (PKC) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It forms a Ca**-calmodulin complex that activates protein kinases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>One hormone molecule leads to the production of a large number of product molecules (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hydrolysis of GTP to GDP by GTPase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To allow molecules to respond to new signals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It activates G proteins causing them to continuously stimulate adenylyl cyclase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Possible severe physiological effects, such as diarrhea (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Movement of molecules against their concentration gradient, requiring direct energy input (ATP).

A primary active transport protein that moves Na+ out of and K+ into a cell, establishing concentration gradients.

Movement of molecules against their concentration gradient, using the energy from another molecule moving down its gradient (often Na+).

A gradient of both concentration and electrical charge that drives the movement of ions.

A type of transport where two substances move in opposite directions across the membrane.

Transmembrane proteins that facilitate the movement of Na+ and sugars (glucose, mannose, galactose) across the cell membrane.

The movement of molecules across a cell membrane against their concentration gradient, requiring energy.

A type of membrane transport that takes in all dissolved solutes in a droplet; common in most cells.

A selective method of membrane transport where cells take in specific molecules by binding them to receptors, forming pits and vesicles.

The process by which cells release substances to the exterior.

The total amount of water in the human body, approximately 60% of body weight.

Fluid inside cells, constituting about 2/3 of total body water.

Fluid outside cells, constituting about 1/3 of total body water.

The fluid part of blood, a component of ECF.

ECF found between cells.

Potassium (K+)

Proteins and organic phosphates (ATP, ADP, AMP).

Sodium (Na+)

Chloride (Cl-) and bicarbonate (HCO3-).

Imbalance in ion concentrations across a membrane due to charged molecules.

Movement of water across a membrane from a region of higher water concentration to a region of lower water concentration.

Fluid surrounding cells, acting as the internal environment for cells.

Maintaining a stable internal environment despite external changes.

Detects changes in the internal or external environment, sending signals to the control center.

The pathway that carries signals from the receptor to the control center.

Evaluates received signals, determines appropriate response, and sends commands.

Pathway carrying signals from the control center to effector organs.

Organ that carries out the instructions received from the control center to counteract the change in the internal environment.

A particular value or range that the body maintains in homeostasis.

Animal cells with specific surface molecules dock to each other, initiating cell communication.

A cell releases a signal molecule that diffuses to nearby target cells, triggering a response.

Local signaling where a cell releases a signal (local regulator) that affects nearby target cells.

Local signaling where a cell releases a signal that affects the cell that released it.

Specialized local signaling in the nervous system, using neurotransmitters to transmit signals across synapses.

A controlling cell releases hormones into the circulatory system to affect target cells far away.

A long-distance signaling molecule released by a controlling cell.

Target cell detection of a signaling molecule, usually binding to a receptor.

A protein on the cell surface or inside the cell that binds a signaling molecule.

Decreasing the number of receptors in response to high ligand levels, reducing the cell's sensitivity.

A process where the number of receptors on a cell decreases, often due to receptor-recycling in lysosomes.

The conversion of a signal from one form to another within a cell to trigger a response.

A series of molecules that a signal travels through to cause specific cellular responses.

Proteins embedded in the cell membrane that bind to signaling molecules.

Cell surface receptors that use a G protein to activate other enzymes in the cell.

Cell surface receptors that activate enzymes inside the cell when a signaling molecule binds.

Cell surface receptors that open or close channels allowing ions to pass through the cell membrane.

Receptors located inside the cell, typically in the cytoplasm or nucleus.

The outcome of a transduction pathway; the changes that occur in the cell.

IP3 triggers calcium release from the endoplasmic reticulum or sarcoplasmic reticulum into the cytosol, impacting intracellular processes.

DAG activates protein kinase C (PKC), leading to protein phosphorylation and subsequent changes in cell function.

Calcium binds to calmodulin, forming a complex that activates protein kinases, influencing various biological responses.

A small signal from a chemical messenger can produce a larger response in a target cell.

The process of stopping the signal pathway after the response is achieved.

The process where a GTPase enzyme converts GTP to GDP, deactivating the G protein.

cAMP is quickly broken down by a phosphodiesterase into AMP, ending its signaling effects.

Termination allows the system to respond to new signals and prevents prolonged or unwanted effects.

Hormones can increase cytoplasmic calcium through activation of calcium channels and release from ER or mitochondria.

Cholera toxin modifies a G protein so it cannot switch off, resulting in prolonged cAMP stimulation, severe diarrhea.