Podcast
Questions and Answers
What role does the direct pathway in the basal ganglia play in movement initiation?
What role does the direct pathway in the basal ganglia play in movement initiation?
Which of the following distinguishes the indirect pathway in the basal ganglia?
Which of the following distinguishes the indirect pathway in the basal ganglia?
How do pluripotent stem cells differ from other cell types?
How do pluripotent stem cells differ from other cell types?
What is the primary function of the Circle of Willis in brain circulation?
What is the primary function of the Circle of Willis in brain circulation?
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What are the primary consequences of a hemorrhagic stroke?
What are the primary consequences of a hemorrhagic stroke?
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What is primarily affected in individuals with right parietal lobe syndrome?
What is primarily affected in individuals with right parietal lobe syndrome?
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In terms of voluntary vs reflexive movements, which statement is correct?
In terms of voluntary vs reflexive movements, which statement is correct?
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What characterizes the process of dopamine signaling in the nigro-striatal pathway?
What characterizes the process of dopamine signaling in the nigro-striatal pathway?
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What impact does a lesion in the motor cortex have on voluntary movements?
What impact does a lesion in the motor cortex have on voluntary movements?
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Which spinal cord injury is associated with the highest level of paralysis?
Which spinal cord injury is associated with the highest level of paralysis?
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Which option identifies the location of cell bodies responsible for transmitting sensory information from the body to the brain?
Which option identifies the location of cell bodies responsible for transmitting sensory information from the body to the brain?
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Which plane would separate the body into anterior and posterior portions?
Which plane would separate the body into anterior and posterior portions?
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What type of paralysis is associated with lower motor neuron injury?
What type of paralysis is associated with lower motor neuron injury?
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Which statement about aneurysms and 'ballooning' is accurate?
Which statement about aneurysms and 'ballooning' is accurate?
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How does medication that selectively activates D2 receptors in the basal ganglia affect the balance between the direct and indirect pathways?
How does medication that selectively activates D2 receptors in the basal ganglia affect the balance between the direct and indirect pathways?
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What would be the likely symptom for a person with a lesion at the C5 level?
What would be the likely symptom for a person with a lesion at the C5 level?
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How do the basal ganglia influence motor behavior?
How do the basal ganglia influence motor behavior?
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Where would you expect to find dye a few days after injecting an anterograde tracer into the left motor cortex, specifically in the hand area?
Where would you expect to find dye a few days after injecting an anterograde tracer into the left motor cortex, specifically in the hand area?
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What is the best therapeutic approach for managing Parkinson's disease symptoms by increasing dopamine levels?
What is the best therapeutic approach for managing Parkinson's disease symptoms by increasing dopamine levels?
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Which pathway describes the motor information pathway for pinching fingers together to retrieve hair?
Which pathway describes the motor information pathway for pinching fingers together to retrieve hair?
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If you selectively activate the indirect pathway of the basal ganglia, what would be the expected effect on movement control?
If you selectively activate the indirect pathway of the basal ganglia, what would be the expected effect on movement control?
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Which brain region is correctly paired with its primary function in voluntary motor control?
Which brain region is correctly paired with its primary function in voluntary motor control?
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Which option accurately describes the pathway of motor information for movement initiation?
Which option accurately describes the pathway of motor information for movement initiation?
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What would be the result of activating the indirect pathway of the basal ganglia?
What would be the result of activating the indirect pathway of the basal ganglia?
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Which pairing of a brain region and its function related to voluntary motor control is correct?
Which pairing of a brain region and its function related to voluntary motor control is correct?
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Which structure's cell bodies are responsible for transmitting sensory information to the brain?
Which structure's cell bodies are responsible for transmitting sensory information to the brain?
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A cut along which plane would divide the body into anterior and posterior sections?
A cut along which plane would divide the body into anterior and posterior sections?
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What type of paralysis is caused by lower motor neuron injury?
What type of paralysis is caused by lower motor neuron injury?
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Which statement about aneurysms and their associated symptoms is accurate?
Which statement about aneurysms and their associated symptoms is accurate?
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How would medication that selectively activates D2 receptors in the basal ganglia affect motor control pathways?
How would medication that selectively activates D2 receptors in the basal ganglia affect motor control pathways?
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What does hemispatial neglect refer to?
What does hemispatial neglect refer to?
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Which of the following statements about arteries is correct?
Which of the following statements about arteries is correct?
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What type of movement do upper motor neurons control?
What type of movement do upper motor neurons control?
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What is the primary function of the diaphragm?
What is the primary function of the diaphragm?
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What does the term 'contralateral' refer to?
What does the term 'contralateral' refer to?
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How are voluntary movements characterized?
How are voluntary movements characterized?
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What is the role of the corticospinal tract located in the nervous system?
What is the role of the corticospinal tract located in the nervous system?
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What differentiates reflexes from voluntary movements?
What differentiates reflexes from voluntary movements?
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Which condition is characterized by a collection of blood underneath the dura?
Which condition is characterized by a collection of blood underneath the dura?
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What typically causes a spinal bifida defect?
What typically causes a spinal bifida defect?
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What is primarily affected in Parkinson's disease?
What is primarily affected in Parkinson's disease?
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Which method is NOT typically used to manage symptoms of Parkinson's disease?
Which method is NOT typically used to manage symptoms of Parkinson's disease?
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What describes the result of a coup-contrecoup injury?
What describes the result of a coup-contrecoup injury?
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What is the primary pathway through which the basal ganglia influence motor behavior?
What is the primary pathway through which the basal ganglia influence motor behavior?
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Which movement would be classified as a fine motor movement?
Which movement would be classified as a fine motor movement?
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Which of the following is a potential result of polio?
Which of the following is a potential result of polio?
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Study Notes
Midterm 2 Study Guide
- This is a review guide for sections L8-L11, not an exhaustive list.
- Items not listed may still be important.
Definitions
- Hemispatial neglect (hemineglect): Lack of conscious awareness of the opposite side of the world or oneself.
- Circle of Willis: Network of arteries at the base of the brain.
- Arteries: Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart (except pulmonary artery).
- Veins: Carry deoxygenated blood towards the heart (except pulmonary vein).
- Unilateral: One side.
- Bilateral: Two sides.
- Ipsilateral: Same side.
- Contralateral: Opposite side.
- Dermatome: Area of skin innervated by a single spinal nerve.
- Diaphragm: Main breathing muscle innervated by C3-C5 (phrenic nerve).
- Upper motor neurons: Brain neurons sending signals to the spinal cord for voluntary movement.
- Lower motor neurons: Spinal cord neurons extending to skeletal muscles.
- Ganglion: Collection of neuron cell bodies outside the brain/spinal cord (e.g., basal ganglia are inside).
Key Topics/Concepts
- Brain damage: Consequences of damage to different brain regions (frontal, temporal, brainstem, cerebellum, occipital, and parietal lobes).
- Brain circulation: Importance of brain vasculature, flow of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood, and the circle of Willis.
- Strokes: Types of strokes (ischemic, hemorrhagic), consequences of strokes.
- Brain anatomy: Spaces and meninges of the brain, methods of viewing brain structure (anatomical planes/sections- sagittal, coronal, transverse).
- Spinal cord: Details of spinal injuries and relationships between spinal cord, vertebral column, and the spinal nerves.
- Brain-spinal relationships: Information flow and the spinal cord (efferent/afferent signals, reflex arc, spinal tracts).
- Voluntary vs reflexive movements: Relevant brain structures and their roles in voluntary movement, and which pathways are associated with voluntary vs reflexive movements.
- Motor control: Key concepts of motor control and the role of descending motor pathways and basal ganglia.
- Reflexes: Simple, involuntary responses.
- Postural reflexes: Maintain body posture and balance.
Additional Topics
- Voluntary Movements: Purposeful, goal-directed actions.
- Neuromodulators: Neurotransmitters that modulate neural activity without opening ion channels.
- Pluripotent Stem Cells: Can divide indefinitely and develop into any cell type.
- Consequences of brain damage: Focal vs diffuse damage, specific symptoms from lesions (e.g., loss of voluntary movement, loss of sensation, cognitive deficits).
- Types of strokes: Hemorrhagic, ischemic (thrombotic, embolic). Effects of stroke on brain function and recovery.
- Spinal cord injuries: Types of spinal cord injuries (e.g., compression). Consequences and symptoms.
- Brain regions involved in Voluntary movement control: Motor cortex, basal ganglia, and cerebellum. Their roles and interconnections are important.
- Consequences of lesions: Location of lesion and its impact on the body.
- Neuroplasticity: Ability of the brain to change and adapt over time with new experiences.
Glossary
- Brain Structures: Specific regions (frontal, temporal..)
- Neural Pathways: (e.g., corticospinal, indirect...)
- Neurotransmitters: (e.g., Dopamine, GABA..)
- Reflexes: (e.g., withdrawal..)
- Treatments: (e.g, deep brain stimulation)
Test Your Knowledge
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