NPB MT2

A condition where a person is unaware of the opposite side of their body or the world. They might only eat from one side of their plate or draw only half a picture.

A network of arteries at the base of the brain that connects major arteries to ensure continuous blood flow.

Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart. Veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart. The exception is the pulmonary artery (deoxygenated) and pulmonary vein (oxygenated).

Unilateral refers to one side of the body. Bilateral refers to both sides of the body.

Ipsilateral refers to the same side of the body. Contralateral refers to the opposite side of the body.

A specific region of skin that is innervated by a single spinal nerve.

A neuron located in the brain that sends signals for voluntary movement to the spinal cord.

A neuron located in the spinal cord that receives signals from the brain and directly controls muscle contractions.

A neural pathway that facilitates movement initiation by directly stimulating the thalamus.

A neural pathway that inhibits movement initiation by indirectly suppressing the thalamus through the substantia nigra.

The cerebellum is responsible for refining and coordinating movements, ensuring smooth and precise motor control. It receives sensory input and helps adjust motor commands.

The Basal Ganglia initiates and regulates movement, helping to select and initiate appropriate motor programs. It plays a crucial role in planning and executing voluntary actions.

Dopamine acts as a neuromodulator in the Basal Ganglia, contributing to smooth and balanced movement. It facilitates the 'go' pathway and suppresses the 'no go' pathway.

A stroke occurs when a blood vessel in the brain is blocked or ruptured, leading to a disruption in blood flow. This causes damage to brain tissue and loss of neurological function.

There are two main types of strokes: Ischemic stroke, caused by a blocked blood vessel, and Hemorrhagic stroke, caused by a ruptured blood vessel.

Hemispatial Neglect is a neurological disorder characterized by an inability to attend to or perceive stimuli on one side of space, typically the left side after a right-sided brain injury.

Prosopagnosia is a neurological disorder characterized by an inability to recognize faces, despite otherwise normal visual perception.

The spinal cord, a long cylindrical bundle of nerve tissue, carries signals between the brain and the rest of the body. It controls basic reflexes, posture, and movement.

Bleeding between the skull and the dura mater, usually caused by a ruptured artery.

A collection of blood underneath the dura mater, in the subdural space.

Brain injury that occurs when the brain collides with the skull on impact and then rebounds to collide on the opposite side.

A condition where the soft, inner part (nucleus pulposus) of an intervertebral disc protrudes through the tougher outer layer (annulus fibrosus).

A birth defect that occurs when the vertebrae do not form properly around the spinal cord, resulting in a gap in the spine.

Inflammation or swelling of the meninges (dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater) that cover the brain and spinal cord.

A type of paralysis characterized by muscle weakness and loss of muscle tone. It is caused by lower motor neuron injury.

A type of paralysis characterized by muscle stiffness and involuntary spasms. It is caused by upper motor neuron injury.

The route motor signals take from the brain to control movement; involves the motor cortex, corticospinal tract, and ventral horn.

A pathway in the basal ganglia that inhibits movement; helps prevent unwanted movements and maintain smooth control.

The basal ganglia is involved in movement coordination, planning, and prediction. It acts like a conductor for smooth movement.

The pathway that carries sensory information from the body to the brain. It involves the dorsal root ganglion and the spinal cord.

A plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior (front and back) sections.

An aneurysm is a bulge or weakening in an artery wall. The ballooning can cause bleeding into or around the brain.

Activation of D2 receptors in the basal ganglia can inhibit the indirect pathway, potentially relieving rigidity and improving movement.

A cluster of nerve cell bodies located outside the spinal cord, responsible for transmitting sensory information from the body to the brain. It is involved in touch, temperature, pain, and proprioception.

Damage to the nerve cells that directly control muscle movement, resulting in flaccid paralysis, characterized by muscle weakness, reduced reflexes, and decreased muscle tone.

An abnormal, localized widening or ballooning of an artery wall, which can weaken the vessel and lead to rupture, causing bleeding into or around the brain.

Two interconnected pathways in the Basal Ganglia: The Direct Pathway promotes movement by activating the thalamus, while the Indirect Pathway inhibits movement by suppressing the thalamus.

A lesion at C5 would result in the loss of sensation and voluntary movement below the level of the lesion, with more severe effects on the ipsilateral side.

Anterograde tracing involves injecting a dye into a specific neuron to track its axon's path and identify its target areas.

L-DOPA medication is commonly used to manage Parkinson's symptoms by providing a precursor to dopamine, which is deficient in the disease.

The pathway for fine motor movements involves the motor cortex initiating the signal, which travels down the corticospinal tract to the ventral horn of the spinal cord, ultimately reaching the muscles.

The indirect pathway of the basal ganglia inhibits movement initiation by suppressing the thalamus, preventing unwanted movements.

The basal ganglia is critically involved in movement coordination, planning, and prediction.

The cerebellum is responsible for fine-tuning movements, making them smooth and coordinated.