NPB 010 Lecture 21: Immune Cells Overview
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Questions and Answers

What do macrophages primarily do?

  • Break down fat molecules
  • Phagocytose other cells (correct)
  • Present antigens to T cells (correct)
  • Produce antibodies for pathogens

    • Which cellular type is responsible for the production of antibodies?

  • Macrophages
  • B cells (correct)
  • Neutrophils
  • T cells

    • What is the function of the variable domain of an antibody?

  • To enhance the immune response
  • To promote cell division
  • To bind tightly to antigens (correct)
  • To stabilize the antibody

    • Which of the following statements regarding lymphocytes is true?

    <p>They include B cells and T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do neutrophilic granulocytes play in the immune system?

    <p>Phagocytose pathogens and dead cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the variable domain in antibodies?

    <p>To recognize and bind specific antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do antibodies assist in the immune response?

    <p>By binding to toxins and preventing them from affecting body proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are essential for activating B cells to produce antibodies?

    <p>T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the immune system when we vaccinate?

    <p>B cells are activated, resulting in antibody production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by constant domain in antibodies?

    <p>It refers to the part of the antibody that connects with immune system components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of NK cells in the immune response?

    <p>To directly kill infected host cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in activating a naive B cell?

    <p>Binding of an antigen to the B cell receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do plasma cells primarily produce after B cells are activated?

    <p>Large quantities of antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cells do NOT function as part of the innate immune response?

    <p>B cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic distinguishes memory B cells from plasma cells?

    <p>Memory B cells remain dormant until re-exposed to the same pathogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of helper T cells within the adaptive immune response?

    <p>To recognize antigens and organize the immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do cytotoxic T cells contribute to fighting infections and cancer?

    <p>They identify and kill infected cells or cancer cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What types of cells are primarily attacked by HIV that leads to AIDS?

    <p>Helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best explains the role of MHC proteins in the immune response?

    <p>They present non-self proteins to T cells for recognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the 'kinetics' in the context of T cells refer to?

    <p>The rate of T cell activation and response during an immune challenge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do macrophages contribute to the immune response?

    <p>They help in phagocytosing and cleaning up dead cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of B cells in the immune system?

    <p>They produce antibodies that bind to antigens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do MHC proteins play in the immune response?

    <p>They present small fragments of pathogens to T cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinguishing feature of the variable domain of an antibody?

    <p>It is responsible for binding antigen with high affinity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immune cell type is involved in the initial recognition of pathogens?

    <p>Macrophages during phagocytosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of soluble proteins after B cells are activated?

    <p>They are secreted into the bloodstream.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do antibodies prevent toxins from binding to body proteins?

    <p>By blocking the toxins from accessing their targets.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is essential for B cells to be fully activated?

    <p>The presence of helper T cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must occur before T cells can recognize a pathogen?

    <p>Chunks of the pathogen must be presented by body cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the constant domain of an antibody?

    <p>To facilitate the interaction with immune cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of cytotoxic T cells?

    <p>They kill body cells that are cancerous or virus-infected.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do helper T cells contribute to the adaptive immune response?

    <p>By recognizing and organizing the immune response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a cancer cell from a normal body cell in the context of the immune response?

    <p>Cancer cells present non-self proteins that can be recognized by immune cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way does HIV affect the immune system?

    <p>It kills helper T cells, impairing the adaptive immune response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main components involved in producing an adaptive immune response?

    <p>B cells and Helper T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical step that occurs after a naive B cell is activated?

    <p>It undergoes division and produces plasma cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do NK cells contribute to the immune response?

    <p>By directly destroying infected cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of receptor is involved in the activation of B cells?

    <p>B cell receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    NPB 010 Lecture 21

    • Group 2: Macrophages
      • large cells that eat other cells
      • similar to neutrophils
      • phagocytose (engulf) old, dead red blood cells, bacteria, and viruses
      • present small fragments of bacteria/viruses on MHC proteins—talking to T cells
      • initially mobile, settle in a small area of the body

    Group 3: Lymphocytes

    • Types

      • B cells
      • T cells
      • NK cells (natural killer cells)

    • B cells

      • produce antibodies
      • antibodies are large proteins that bind tightly to antigens
      • high affinity binding

    Antibodies

    • Structure

      • 4 units of protein
      • variable domain where antibodies bind to pathogens
      • many different shapes for pathogen binding
      • constant domain where immune cells connect and destroy pathogens
      • secreted into the blood after B cell activation

    • Uses

      • NK cells recognize the constant antibody domain
      • Macrophages can also recognize how antibodies bind to pathogens
      • toxins cannot bind to our proteins when antibodies latch onto them—this is used to treat tetanus

    B Cell Activation & Memory

    • Vaccination Goal: activate B cells to produce antibodies; B cells need T cells to be fully active
    • T cells: only recognize pathogens when antigens are presented by body cells
    • Plasma cells: produce a lot of antibodies and die after a few days
    • Memory B cells: wait for a second infection with the same pathogen; become dormant

    T Cell Types

    • Helper T cells: recognize and organize the adaptive response; send cytokines to other immune cells
    • Cytotoxic T cells: kill infected body cells
      • cancer cells
      • virus-infected cells
      • both have "non-self" proteins on MHC to identify
    • Regulatory T cells: stop the immune response at the end of an infection

    NK Cells

    • Innate Immune Cells: act similarly to macrophages and granulocytes but rely on antibodies sticking to targets
    • do NOT have PAMP receptors

    Adaptive Immune Response

    • B cells:
      • naive (have not bound to anything); have B cell receptor
      • activation: something binds B cell receptor; helper T cells send cytokines
      • once active: B cell copies itself; some become antibody-producing plasma cells; some become memory B cells

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    NPB010 Lecture 21 PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers key concepts from Lecture 21 of NPB 010, focusing on macrophages and lymphocytes, including their types and functions. You'll explore how B cells produce antibodies and how these components interact within the immune system. Test your understanding of these essential immune responses.

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