NPB 010 Lecture 21: Immune Cells Overview
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Questions and Answers

What do macrophages primarily do?

  • Break down fat molecules
  • Phagocytose other cells (correct)
  • Present antigens to T cells (correct)
  • Produce antibodies for pathogens

Which cellular type is responsible for the production of antibodies?

  • Macrophages
  • B cells (correct)
  • Neutrophils
  • T cells

What is the function of the variable domain of an antibody?

  • To enhance the immune response
  • To promote cell division
  • To bind tightly to antigens (correct)
  • To stabilize the antibody

Which of the following statements regarding lymphocytes is true?

<p>They include B cells and T cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do neutrophilic granulocytes play in the immune system?

<p>Phagocytose pathogens and dead cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the variable domain in antibodies?

<p>To recognize and bind specific antigens (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do antibodies assist in the immune response?

<p>By binding to toxins and preventing them from affecting body proteins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are essential for activating B cells to produce antibodies?

<p>T cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the immune system when we vaccinate?

<p>B cells are activated, resulting in antibody production (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by constant domain in antibodies?

<p>It refers to the part of the antibody that connects with immune system components (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of NK cells in the immune response?

<p>To directly kill infected host cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in activating a naive B cell?

<p>Binding of an antigen to the B cell receptor (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do plasma cells primarily produce after B cells are activated?

<p>Large quantities of antibodies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cells do NOT function as part of the innate immune response?

<p>B cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic distinguishes memory B cells from plasma cells?

<p>Memory B cells remain dormant until re-exposed to the same pathogen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of helper T cells within the adaptive immune response?

<p>To recognize antigens and organize the immune response (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do cytotoxic T cells contribute to fighting infections and cancer?

<p>They identify and kill infected cells or cancer cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What types of cells are primarily attacked by HIV that leads to AIDS?

<p>Helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best explains the role of MHC proteins in the immune response?

<p>They present non-self proteins to T cells for recognition (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'kinetics' in the context of T cells refer to?

<p>The rate of T cell activation and response during an immune challenge (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do macrophages contribute to the immune response?

<p>They help in phagocytosing and cleaning up dead cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of B cells in the immune system?

<p>They produce antibodies that bind to antigens. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do MHC proteins play in the immune response?

<p>They present small fragments of pathogens to T cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a distinguishing feature of the variable domain of an antibody?

<p>It is responsible for binding antigen with high affinity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which immune cell type is involved in the initial recognition of pathogens?

<p>Macrophages during phagocytosis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of soluble proteins after B cells are activated?

<p>They are secreted into the bloodstream. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do antibodies prevent toxins from binding to body proteins?

<p>By blocking the toxins from accessing their targets. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is essential for B cells to be fully activated?

<p>The presence of helper T cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must occur before T cells can recognize a pathogen?

<p>Chunks of the pathogen must be presented by body cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the constant domain of an antibody?

<p>To facilitate the interaction with immune cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of cytotoxic T cells?

<p>They kill body cells that are cancerous or virus-infected. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do helper T cells contribute to the adaptive immune response?

<p>By recognizing and organizing the immune response. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a cancer cell from a normal body cell in the context of the immune response?

<p>Cancer cells present non-self proteins that can be recognized by immune cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way does HIV affect the immune system?

<p>It kills helper T cells, impairing the adaptive immune response. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main components involved in producing an adaptive immune response?

<p>B cells and Helper T cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical step that occurs after a naive B cell is activated?

<p>It undergoes division and produces plasma cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do NK cells contribute to the immune response?

<p>By directly destroying infected cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of receptor is involved in the activation of B cells?

<p>B cell receptor (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Macrophages

Large immune cells that engulf and destroy foreign matter and dead cells.

Neutrophil Granulocytes

Immune cells that help clean up dead cells and other debris.

MHC proteins

Proteins that present fragments of pathogens to T cells.

B cells

Lymphocytes that produce antibodies to fight pathogens.

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Antibodies

Large proteins that bind tightly to antigens on pathogens, marking them for destruction.

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Regulatory T cells

Immune cells that suppress the immune response to prevent excessive inflammation and autoimmunity.

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Natural Killer (NK) Cells

Innate immune cells that directly kill infected or cancerous cells without needing specific recognition.

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PAMPs-receptors

Receptors on innate immune cells that recognize patterns common to pathogens and trigger an immune response.

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Naive B cell

A B cell that has not yet encountered its specific antigen and activated.

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Plasma cells

Activated B cells that produce large quantities of antibodies.

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What does the variable domain of an antibody bind to?

The variable domain of an antibody binds to a specific antigen, a unique molecule on a pathogen.

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How do antibodies help to fight infection?

Antibodies bind to antigens on pathogens, marking them for destruction by immune cells like macrophages.

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What is the function of the constant domain of an antibody?

The constant domain of an antibody determines how it interacts with other immune cells, such as macrophages.

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What is the role of T cells in B cell activation?

T cells help activate B cells to produce antibodies. They recognize and bind to antigens presented by B cells.

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How are antibodies used to treat tetanus?

Antibodies against tetanus toxin can be administered to neutralize toxin in the body and prevent its harmful effects.

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What do macrophages do?

Macrophages are immune cells that engulf and destroy foreign matter and dead cells. They are part of the innate immune response, meaning they don't need to be specifically trained to recognize a threat.

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What is the role of T cells?

T cells are a type of lymphocyte that are crucial for the adaptive immune response. They can recognize specific pathogens and mount a targeted attack.

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What do helper T cells do?

Helper T cells are a type of T cell that organize the adaptive immune response by signaling other immune cells to respond to a specific pathogen.

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What are cytotoxic T cells?

Cytotoxic T cells are a type of T cell that directly kill infected cells or cancer cells by recognizing and destroying abnormal proteins on their surface.

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What are MHC proteins?

MHC proteins are markers on the surface of cells that present fragments of proteins to T cells. This allows the immune system to identify infected or cancerous cells.

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What do MHC proteins do?

MHC proteins act like display cases on cells, presenting fragments of proteins (including those from pathogens) to T cells. This allows the immune system to recognize and respond to specific threats.

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What are antibodies?

Antibodies are Y-shaped proteins produced by B cells. They bind to specific pathogens or foreign substances (antigens) and mark them for destruction by other immune cells.

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What is the function of the variable domain of an antibody?

The variable domain of an antibody is the part that determines its specificity. It binds to a unique antigen, enabling the antibody to recognize and target a specific pathogen.

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Helper T cells

T cells that help activate B cells to produce antibodies.

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Memory B cells

Dormant B cells that can quickly activate upon re-infection with the same pathogen.

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What is an antibody?

An antibody is a large protein produced by B cells that binds tightly to specific antigens on pathogens. They are Y-shaped molecules with a variable domain that recognizes the antigen and a constant domain that interacts with other immune cells.

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What is the purpose of vaccination?

Vaccination aims to activate B cells to produce antibodies against a specific pathogen. This way, your immune system is ready to fight off the pathogen if it encounters it in the future.

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What do cytotoxic T cells do?

Cytotoxic T cells kill infected or cancerous cells. They recognize abnormal proteins on cells (like mutated proteins in cancer or viral proteins), marking them for destruction.

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What are 'non-self' proteins in the context of immunity?

'Non-self' proteins are proteins that the immune system identifies as foreign. These can be from pathogens, like viruses, or from mutated cells, like cancerous cells.

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How do helper T cells organize the immune response?

Helper T cells recognize antigens presented by other immune cells (like macrophages). They then stimulate other immune cells, like B cells and cytotoxic T cells, to fight the specific threat.

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What is the role of MHC proteins in immunity?

MHC proteins act like display cases, presenting fragments of proteins (like viral or cancerous proteins) on the surface of a cell. This allows immune cells, like T cells, to identify and target infected or abnormal cells.

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How does HIV affect the immune system?

HIV attacks and kills helper T cells, which are essential coordinators of the immune response. This weakens the immune system, leaving the body vulnerable to infections.

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Study Notes

NPB 010 Lecture 21

  • Group 2: Macrophages
    • large cells that eat other cells
    • similar to neutrophils
    • phagocytose (engulf) old, dead red blood cells, bacteria, and viruses
    • present small fragments of bacteria/viruses on MHC proteins—talking to T cells
    • initially mobile, settle in a small area of the body

Group 3: Lymphocytes

  • Types

    • B cells
    • T cells
    • NK cells (natural killer cells)

  • B cells

    • produce antibodies
    • antibodies are large proteins that bind tightly to antigens
    • high affinity binding

Antibodies

  • Structure

    • 4 units of protein
    • variable domain where antibodies bind to pathogens
    • many different shapes for pathogen binding
    • constant domain where immune cells connect and destroy pathogens
    • secreted into the blood after B cell activation

  • Uses

    • NK cells recognize the constant antibody domain
    • Macrophages can also recognize how antibodies bind to pathogens
    • toxins cannot bind to our proteins when antibodies latch onto them—this is used to treat tetanus

B Cell Activation & Memory

  • Vaccination Goal: activate B cells to produce antibodies; B cells need T cells to be fully active
  • T cells: only recognize pathogens when antigens are presented by body cells
  • Plasma cells: produce a lot of antibodies and die after a few days
  • Memory B cells: wait for a second infection with the same pathogen; become dormant

T Cell Types

  • Helper T cells: recognize and organize the adaptive response; send cytokines to other immune cells
  • Cytotoxic T cells: kill infected body cells
    • cancer cells
    • virus-infected cells
    • both have "non-self" proteins on MHC to identify
  • Regulatory T cells: stop the immune response at the end of an infection

NK Cells

  • Innate Immune Cells: act similarly to macrophages and granulocytes but rely on antibodies sticking to targets
  • do NOT have PAMP receptors

Adaptive Immune Response

  • B cells:
    • naive (have not bound to anything); have B cell receptor
    • activation: something binds B cell receptor; helper T cells send cytokines
    • once active: B cell copies itself; some become antibody-producing plasma cells; some become memory B cells

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Description

This quiz covers key concepts from Lecture 21 of NPB 010, focusing on macrophages and lymphocytes, including their types and functions. You'll explore how B cells produce antibodies and how these components interact within the immune system. Test your understanding of these essential immune responses.

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