Pulmonary Physiology 1.3

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What is the main function of lamellar bodies in type II alveolar epithelial cells?

Formation of alveolar macrophages

Synthesis of connective tissue fibers

Production of red blood cells

Secretion of surfactant (correct)

What is the relationship between pulmonary capillaries and alveolar epithelium shown in the electron micrograph?

They are completely isolated from each other

They are connected by lymphatic vessels

They are closely apposed with additional connective tissue fibers (correct)

They are separated by a layer of muscle cells

What is the primary role of the interstitium in the alveoli?

Production of oxygen

Support and structural framework (correct)

Synthesis of white blood cells

Removal of carbon dioxide

What is the significance of the intimate relationship between capillaries, interstitium, and alveolar epithelium?

It facilitates exchange of gases Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of alveolar macrophages in the alveolar space?

Removal of foreign particles and pathogens Signup and view all the answers

What is the source of the phospholipid surface film (SF) in the alveoli?

Type II alveolar epithelial cells Signup and view all the answers

Which generation of bronchi includes the lobar bronchi?

2nd generation Signup and view all the answers

What replaces the trachealis muscle in the main bronchi?

Smooth muscle Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic changes with each bifurcation/generation of smaller airways?

Number of glands decreases Signup and view all the answers

Which main bronchus is wider, shorter, and runs more vertically?

Right main bronchus Signup and view all the answers

Which structure supplies blood to the tracheobronchial tree from the main bronchi to the terminal bronchioles?

Bronchial artery Signup and view all the answers

How many primary (or main) bronchi are usually present in the human body?

Two Signup and view all the answers

Which veins drain the proximal part of the root of the lung?

Bronchial veins Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate percentage of cardiac output (CO) from the left ventricle (LV) that flows in the bronchial circulation?

2% Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the lung is supplied independently by a segmental bronchus and a tertiary branch of the pulmonary artery?

Bronchopulmonary segments Signup and view all the answers

Which structures are separated from adjacent segments by connective tissue septa and are supplied independently by a segmental bronchus and a tertiary branch of the pulmonary artery?

Bronchopulmonary segments Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of bronchioles in the respiratory zones?

Gas exchange Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical diameter of bronchioles?

~1 mm Signup and view all the answers

In which zones are the first 16 generations of passages located?

Conducting zones Signup and view all the answers

Which arteries deliver oxygenated blood at systemic pressures and supply intrapulmonary structures proximal to the terminal bronchioles, connective tissue septa, and visceral pleura?

Bronchial arteries Signup and view all the answers

What do bronchioles lack that distinguishes them from other airways?

Cartilage Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common source for the right bronchial artery?

Aorta Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of bronchopulmonary anastomoses?

Transport deoxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins to the bronchial arteries Signup and view all the answers

Which innervation system provides inhibition, including bronchodilation, in the airways?

Non-adrenergic/non-cholinergic (NANC) system Signup and view all the answers

What is the major source of unitary smooth muscle contraction in the airways?

Vagal parasympathetic fibers Signup and view all the answers

What effect does the humoral release of epinephrine and norepinephrine during 'flight or fight' circumstances have on the airway smooth muscle?

Relaxation followed by bronchiole dilation Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of mast cells residing in the connective tissues of the airways?

Inducing bronchoconstriction, stimulating mucus secretion, and inducing mucosal edema Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the lung is completely lined with alveoli, alveolar ducts, and sacs?

Respiratory bronchiole Signup and view all the answers

What does an acinus in the lung include?

All parts involved in gas exchange from a single 1st order respiratory bronchiole and beyond Signup and view all the answers

Which type of epithelial cells are mainly involved in gas exchange within the alveoli?

'Agranular pneumocytes' Signup and view all the answers

What function do Type II alveolar cells serve in the alveoli?

'Producing surfactant and reducing surface tension' Signup and view all the answers

Which cells monitor and remove debris/microorganisms in the alveoli by migrating through Pores of Kohn to the mucociliary escalator?

'Free-ranging phagocytic alveolar macrophages' Signup and view all the answers

'Club cells' in the terminal bronchioles primarily serve which function?

'Secrete lipids, glycoproteins, and modulators of inflammation' Signup and view all the answers