33 Questions
What is the main function of lamellar bodies in type II alveolar epithelial cells?
Secretion of surfactant
What is the relationship between pulmonary capillaries and alveolar epithelium shown in the electron micrograph?
They are closely apposed with additional connective tissue fibers
What is the primary role of the interstitium in the alveoli?
Support and structural framework
What is the significance of the intimate relationship between capillaries, interstitium, and alveolar epithelium?
It facilitates exchange of gases
What is the function of alveolar macrophages in the alveolar space?
Removal of foreign particles and pathogens
What is the source of the phospholipid surface film (SF) in the alveoli?
Type II alveolar epithelial cells
Which generation of bronchi includes the lobar bronchi?
2nd generation
What replaces the trachealis muscle in the main bronchi?
Smooth muscle
What characteristic changes with each bifurcation/generation of smaller airways?
Number of glands decreases
Which main bronchus is wider, shorter, and runs more vertically?
Right main bronchus
Which structure supplies blood to the tracheobronchial tree from the main bronchi to the terminal bronchioles?
Bronchial artery
How many primary (or main) bronchi are usually present in the human body?
Two
Which veins drain the proximal part of the root of the lung?
Bronchial veins
What is the approximate percentage of cardiac output (CO) from the left ventricle (LV) that flows in the bronchial circulation?
2%
Which part of the lung is supplied independently by a segmental bronchus and a tertiary branch of the pulmonary artery?
Bronchopulmonary segments
Which structures are separated from adjacent segments by connective tissue septa and are supplied independently by a segmental bronchus and a tertiary branch of the pulmonary artery?
Bronchopulmonary segments
What is the main function of bronchioles in the respiratory zones?
Gas exchange
What is the typical diameter of bronchioles?
~1 mm
In which zones are the first 16 generations of passages located?
Conducting zones
Which arteries deliver oxygenated blood at systemic pressures and supply intrapulmonary structures proximal to the terminal bronchioles, connective tissue septa, and visceral pleura?
Bronchial arteries
What do bronchioles lack that distinguishes them from other airways?
Cartilage
What is the most common source for the right bronchial artery?
Aorta
What is the function of bronchopulmonary anastomoses?
Transport deoxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins to the bronchial arteries
Which innervation system provides inhibition, including bronchodilation, in the airways?
Non-adrenergic/non-cholinergic (NANC) system
What is the major source of unitary smooth muscle contraction in the airways?
Vagal parasympathetic fibers
What effect does the humoral release of epinephrine and norepinephrine during 'flight or fight' circumstances have on the airway smooth muscle?
Relaxation followed by bronchiole dilation
What is the main function of mast cells residing in the connective tissues of the airways?
Inducing bronchoconstriction, stimulating mucus secretion, and inducing mucosal edema
Which part of the lung is completely lined with alveoli, alveolar ducts, and sacs?
Respiratory bronchiole
What does an acinus in the lung include?
All parts involved in gas exchange from a single 1st order respiratory bronchiole and beyond
Which type of epithelial cells are mainly involved in gas exchange within the alveoli?
'Agranular pneumocytes'
What function do Type II alveolar cells serve in the alveoli?
'Producing surfactant and reducing surface tension'
Which cells monitor and remove debris/microorganisms in the alveoli by migrating through Pores of Kohn to the mucociliary escalator?
'Free-ranging phagocytic alveolar macrophages'
'Club cells' in the terminal bronchioles primarily serve which function?
'Secrete lipids, glycoproteins, and modulators of inflammation'
Test your knowledge about bronchopulmonary anastomoses, which occur between bronchial and pulmonary circulation at the arterioles and capillaries. This quiz covers the anatomy and physiology of these anastomoses, focusing on their significance in neonates and pathologic conditions.
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