2nd Midterm Prep: Male and Female Reproduction
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Questions and Answers

What role does progesterone play in the body following fertilization?

Progesterone inhibits contractions and signals the body to maintain pregnancy.

Explain how HCG levels influence progesterone levels in the early stages of pregnancy.

When HCG is low, it indicates a lack of fertilization, leading to decreased progesterone levels.

What happens to progesterone levels if fertilization does not occur?

If fertilization does not occur, progesterone levels drop, which can lead to menstruation.

How does high progesterone affect the possibility of future fertilization?

<p>High progesterone levels signal the body to not have fertilization occur again immediately after one has just happened.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the feedback mechanism involving progesterone and the body's response to fertilization.

<p>Progesterone provides negative feedback to prevent further ovulation and maintain pregnancy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do GLP-1 agonists play in glucose regulation?

<p>GLP-1 agonists promote insulin release and inhibit glucagon secretion, thereby lowering glucose levels in the bloodstream.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does insulin affect lipolysis?

<p>Insulin inhibits lipolysis, promoting fat storage instead of breakdown.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of leptin on appetite?

<p>Leptin acts as an appetite suppressor, helping to reduce hunger signals in the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain how sympathetic regulation affects insulin release.

<p>Sympathetic regulation inhibits insulin release, thus decreasing glucose uptake by tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between ghrelin and hunger?

<p>Ghrelin is known as the hunger hormone, as it stimulates appetite and promotes food intake.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does increased glucose influence insulin release?

<p>Increased glucose levels stimulate the pancreas to release more insulin into the bloodstream.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the function of somatostatin in glucose regulation.

<p>Somatostatin inhibits the release of insulin and glucagon, regulating glucose metabolism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way do gut hormones contribute to digestion?

<p>Gut hormones, such as GIP, enhance insulin secretion and aid in the digestion process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does testosterone play in spermatogenesis?

<p>Testosterone stimulates spermatogenesis in the seminiferous tubules of the testes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does prolactin affect male reproduction?

<p>Prolactin promotes sexual accessory structures and influences reproductive functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the descent of testicles into the scrotum?

<p>The descent helps regulate temperature, which is vital for optimal sperm production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is indicated by cryptorchidism?

<p>Cryptorchidism is the failure of one or both testicles to descend into the scrotum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does oxytocin contribute to male reproductive functions?

<p>Oxytocin is involved in the ejaculation process and can affect orgasm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of androgen-binding protein (ABP)?

<p>ABP carries testosterone to the epididymis to support sperm maturation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of prostaglandins in reproduction?

<p>Prostaglandins facilitate ejaculation and other reproductive processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does luteinizing hormone (LH) affect interstitial cells?

<p>LH stimulates interstitial cells to produce testosterone in the testes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact do estrogens have on male behavior?

<p>Estrogens can influence male behavior and fertility, affecting libido and reproductive functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hormone inhibits the secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)?

<p>Inhibin inhibits the secretion of FSH from the anterior pituitary gland.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the seminiferous tubule in male reproductive anatomy?

<p>The seminiferous tubule is responsible for the production and maturation of sperm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of androgen binding protein (ABP) in the male reproductive system?

<p>ABP facilitates the concentration and availability of testosterone in the seminiferous tubules to promote spermatogenesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define the term 'ductus deferens' and its role in the male reproductive system.

<p>The ductus deferens is a muscular tube that transports mature sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the significance of sperm maturation in the epididymis.

<p>Sperm maturation in the epididymis is crucial for acquiring motility and the ability to fertilize an egg.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does FSH play in male reproductive hormones?

<p>FSH stimulates Sertoli cells to promote the production of sperm and support spermatogenesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does LH contribute to male reproduction?

<p>LH stimulates Leydig cells to produce testosterone, which is essential for sperm production and male secondary sexual characteristics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process does the term 'steroidogenesis' refer to in male physiology?

<p>Steroidogenesis refers to the biochemical process by which steroids, including testosterone, are produced from cholesterol.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of phagocytosis in the context of sperm health?

<p>Phagocytosis helps to clear out damaged sperm cells, ensuring the overall health and quality of sperm in the reproductive system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hormone is primarily responsible for increasing tissue during fetal development?

<p>HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between viviparous and oviparous reproduction?

<p>Viviparous reproduction involves live birth, while oviparous reproduction involves laying eggs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does cortisol affect the timing of childbirth?

<p>Increased cortisol levels lead to earlier births.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does oxytocin play in childbirth?

<p>Oxytocin induces contractions during labor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of prolactin in the postpartum period?

<p>Prolactin promotes milk production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact does estradiol have during puberty?

<p>Estradiol increases levels of LH and FSH.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of relaxin during pregnancy?

<p>Relaxin increases the width of the birth canal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the presence of the SRY gene indicate?

<p>The presence of the SRY gene indicates male sex determination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do androgens affect reproductive functions?

<p>Androgens are associated with sperm production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between CRH and stress during pregnancy?

<p>Increased CRH levels due to stress can lead to earlier childbirth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the milk let-down reflex postpartum?

<p>Sucking stimulates the release of prolactin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the levels of somatomammotropin during pregnancy?

<p>Somatomammotropin levels increase to support fetal growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the fetal adrenal gland play in childbirth?

<p>The fetal adrenal gland secretes cortisol, which helps initiate labor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term vitellogenesis refer to?

<p>Vitellogenesis refers to yolk deposition in oocytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the hormonal changes during puberty?

<p>Hormonal changes facilitate the development of secondary sexual characteristics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does gastrin play in the digestive process?

<p>Gastrin stimulates gastric emptying and increases gastric acid secretion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does secretin affect pancreatic function?

<p>Secretin stimulates the pancreas to release bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the function of parathyroid hormone (PTH).

<p>PTH increases calcium levels in the blood by promoting calcium reabsorption in the kidneys and the release of calcium from bones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of calcitonin?

<p>Calcitonin lowers blood calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclast activity in bones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify the effects of aldosterone on blood pressure.

<p>Aldosterone increases sodium and water reabsorption, which raises blood pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hormonal response occurs in the adrenal medulla during stress?

<p>The adrenal medulla releases epinephrine and norepinephrine, increasing heart rate and energy availability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the hypothalamus interact with the adrenal glands?

<p>The hypothalamus releases corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), stimulating the release of ACTH from the pituitary, which prompts adrenal hormone release.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main effect of glucose in the blood when epinephrine is released?

<p>Epinephrine leads to increased glucose levels in the blood by promoting glycogen breakdown.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define the primary role of osteoblasts.

<p>Osteoblasts are responsible for bone formation by synthesizing the bone matrix.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of a deficiency in Vitamin D?

<p>A deficiency in Vitamin D can lead to rickets, characterized by weak bone structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the function of glucagon in glucose metabolism.

<p>Glucagon increases blood glucose levels by promoting gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis in the liver.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of insulin in the body?

<p>Insulin lowers blood glucose levels by facilitating cellular uptake of glucose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the function of somatostatin.

<p>Somatostatin inhibits the release of other hormones, including insulin and glucagon, and slows down digestion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the secretion of renin from the kidneys?

<p>Low blood pressure triggers the secretion of renin from the juxtaglomerular cells in the kidneys.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is water reabsorption enhanced by hormones?

<p>Hormones like aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) increase water reabsorption in kidneys.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Seminiferous Tubule Function

The seminiferous tubules are responsible for producing sperm.

Ductus Epididymis Function

The ductus epididymis is where sperm mature.

Androgen-binding protein (ABP)

ABP helps keep the sperm environment correct for development.

Steroidogenic Factor (STP)

STP stimulates production of hormones to support sperm formation.

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GnRH Hormone

GnRH triggers LH and FSH production.

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FSH Hormone Function

FSH stimulates sperm production and gamete development.

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LH Hormone Function

LH stimulates androgen production, contributing to the development of sperm.

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Sperm Maturation Time

Sperm takes approximately 70 days to fully mature.

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Androgen role in spermatogenesis

Androgens, like testosterone, stimulate sperm production (spermatogenesis).

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Testosterone secretion

Testosterone is secreted by cells in the testes.

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Accessory sex structures

Structures involved in producing fluids that support sperm maturation.

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Effects of Prolactin

Prolactin stimulates accessory sex structures.

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LH and interstitial cells

LH stimulates interstitial cells to produce hormones.

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Sperm maturation in epididymis

Sperm matures within the epididymis, aided by fluids.

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Testicular Descent

The process of testicles moving into the scrotum.

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Oxytocin's role in ejaculation

Oxytocin is related to sperm expulsion/orgasm.

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Cryptochordism

Condition where testicles do not fully descend.

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Innibin's activity

Inhibin regulates FSH, influencing male hormone levels.

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Progesterone's Role

Progesterone prevents further fertilization by suppressing contractions of the uterus, ensuring the recently fertilized egg has a safe environment to develop.

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HCG's Influence

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG) is a hormone produced after fertilization. Its presence triggers increased progesterone production.

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Progesterone's Effect

Progesterone inhibits uterine contractions, ensuring the implanted embryo is safe and secure.

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Progesterone's Purpose

Progesterone plays a crucial role in establishing and maintaining pregnancy.

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Why No More Fertilization?

Progesterone, elevated after fertilization, effectively blocks further fertilization by inhibiting uterine contractions, ensuring a single pregnancy.

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GLP-1 Agonists

GLP-1 agonists are medications that mimic the effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), a hormone produced in the gut that helps regulate blood sugar levels by promoting insulin release and reducing glucagon secretion. They also suppress appetite and slow down gastric emptying.

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Insulin's Role in Glucose Metabolism

Insulin is a key hormone that regulates blood glucose levels. It promotes glucose uptake by cells (especially muscle and fat), stimulates glycogen synthesis in the liver, and inhibits gluconeogenesis (glucose production in the liver).

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Lipolysis

Lipolysis is the breakdown of stored fat (triglycerides) into fatty acids and glycerol. This process is stimulated by hormones like glucagon and epinephrine, and suppressed by insulin.

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Lipogenesis

Lipogenesis is the synthesis of new fat (triglycerides) from excess calories, primarily carbohydrates. This process is stimulated by insulin and when energy intake exceeds expenditure.

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Leptin's Role in Appetite

Leptin is a hormone produced by fat cells that acts on the brain to suppress appetite and signal satiety. It plays a role in regulating energy balance by informing the body about fat stores.

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Ghrelin's Role in Hunger

Ghrelin is a hormone produced by the stomach that stimulates appetite and promotes food intake. It is often referred to as the 'hunger hormone'.

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How the Parasympathetic System Affects Insulin Release

The parasympathetic nervous system, responsible for 'rest and digest' functions, stimulates insulin release. This occurs in response to the presence of food in the digestive system.

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How the Sympathetic System Affects Insulin Release

The sympathetic nervous system, responsible for 'fight or flight' responses, inhibits insulin release. This occurs in stressful situations when energy is needed for immediate action.

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What is the function of HCG?

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG) is a hormone produced by the developing placenta that promotes the production of progesterone during pregnancy and prevents menstruation.

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How does Estrogen (E2) influence puberty?

Estrogen increases significantly during the early stage of puberty, leading to the development of secondary sexual characteristics in females, such as breast development, pubic hair growth, and widening of the hips.

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What is the role of progesterone in reproduction?

Progesterone is primarily involved in preparing the uterus for pregnancy. It thickens the uterine lining, supports the development of the placenta, and helps maintain pregnancy.

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What is viviparous reproduction?

Viviparous reproduction is a mode of reproduction in which the offspring develop inside the mother's body and are born alive.

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What is vitellogenesis?

Vitellogenesis refers to the process of yolk deposition in oocytes, essentially creating the food source for the developing embryo.

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What is the function of the placenta in reproduction?

The placenta acts as the vital link between the mother and the developing fetus, providing nutrients and oxygen while removing waste products.

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How does cortisol affect reproduction?

Cortisol can play a role in influencing the timing of birth. Increased levels of cortisol can lead to earlier births.

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What is the role of oxytocin in reproduction?

Oxytocin, often called the "love hormone", plays a crucial role in inducing uterine contractions during childbirth and promoting milk production after delivery.

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What is the function of prolactin in reproduction?

Prolactin is the hormone responsible for stimulating and maintaining milk production after childbirth.

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What are the effects of E2 (estrogen) and LH/FSH on prolactin?

Estrogen and LH/FSH influence prolactin levels. High levels of estrogen tend to inhibit prolactin release, while LH/FSH stimulate prolactin production.

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What is the SRY gene and its function?

The SRY gene is located on the Y chromosome and plays a crucial role in male sex determination, ultimately leading to the development of testes.

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How does TDF (testis-determining factor) relate to the SRY gene?

The SRY gene produces TDF, which is the protein responsible for directing the development of testes, a critical component of male reproductive systems.

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What are the three sexes found in the Plainfin Midshipman fish?

This fish exhibits three distinct sexes: males, females, and a unique type called "primary males" who have traits of both males and females.

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How do androgens affect reproduction?

Androgens, a type of hormone, play a crucial role in both male and female sexual development. They are involved in sperm production, male secondary sexual characteristics, and influencing the menstrual cycle.

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What is the difference between associated and disassociated reproduction?

Associated reproduction means that androgen production is linked to mating, while disassociated reproduction means that androgen production is independent of mating.

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What is the role of CCK in digestion?

Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a hormone released in the small intestine in response to fats. It stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder, which helps emulsify fats for digestion. CCK also slows gastric emptying, allowing for efficient fat digestion.

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How does secretin contribute to digestion?

Secretin is a hormone released in the small intestine in response to acidic chyme entering from the stomach. It stimulates the pancreas to release bicarbonate, which neutralizes the acidity, creating an optimal environment for pancreatic enzymes to work.

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What are the primary roles of the exocrine pancreas?

The exocrine pancreas produces digestive enzymes (like amylase, lipase, and protease) that break down carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. It also secretes bicarbonate, which neutralizes stomach acid.

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Insulin

Insulin is a hormone produced by the beta cells of the pancreas. Its primary function is to regulate blood sugar levels by facilitating glucose uptake into cells.

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Glucagon

Glucagon is a hormone produced by the alpha cells of the pancreas. It raises blood sugar levels by stimulating the release of glucose from liver stores.

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Somatostatin

Somatostatin is a hormone produced by the delta cells of the pancreas. It inhibits both insulin and glucagon release, slowing down overall metabolism.

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What regulates calcium levels in the body?

Calcium levels are primarily controlled by the interplay of parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitonin, and vitamin D. PTH increases calcium levels, calcitonin decreases them, and vitamin D promotes calcium absorption in the gut.

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What is the role of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is a powerful hormone that increases blood calcium levels. It does this by stimulating calcium release from bones, increasing calcium absorption in the gut, and promoting calcium reabsorption in the kidneys.

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How does calcitonin affect calcium levels?

Calcitonin is a hormone produced by the thyroid gland. It lowers blood calcium levels by inhibiting bone breakdown and promoting calcium deposition into bones.

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What is the relationship between vitamin D and calcium?

Vitamin D plays a crucial role in calcium homeostasis. It promotes calcium absorption from the gut, making it essential for healthy bones and overall calcium balance.

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What is the function of the adrenal cortex?

The adrenal cortex is the outer layer of the adrenal gland. It produces hormones like cortisol, aldosterone, and androgens. Cortisol regulates stress response, aldosterone controls electrolyte balance, and androgens (in small amounts) contribute to sexual development.

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What is the function of the adrenal medulla?

The adrenal medulla is the inner layer of the adrenal gland. It produces catecholamines like epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine, which play a critical role in the 'fight-or-flight' response by increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and glucose levels.

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What is the role of aldosterone in blood pressure regulation?

Aldosterone is a hormone produced by the adrenal cortex. It regulates blood pressure by increasing sodium reabsorption in the kidneys, which leads to increased water retention and ultimately raises blood volume and pressure.

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How does epinephrine (adrenaline) affect the body?

Epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, is a hormone released from the adrenal medulla. It triggers a cascade of physiological changes, including increased heart rate, blood pressure, and glucose levels, preparing the body for immediate action in stressful situations.

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Study Notes

2nd Midterm Prep

  • Male Reproduction:

    • Testosterone Intervals: Puberty typically takes 3-6 hrs.
    • Sperm Pathway: Sperm travel through the seminiferous tubules, epididymis, and vas deferens.
    • Sertoli Cells: Essential for producing reproductive fluids as well as protecting sperm.
    • Hormones: GnRH, FSH, LH, Prolactin, Oxytocin, androgens (testosterone), estrogens, prostaglandins are important in male reproductive processes
    • Male Hormones: Testosterone is crucial for primary and secondary sexual characteristics, behaviors and ejaculation.

  • Female Reproduction:

    • Stages of the Menstrual Cycle: Proestrous, Estrus, diestrous, menses
    • Ovarian Cycle: Different types of cycles, such as monoestrous and polyestrous.
    • Ovulators: Spontaneous or induced
    • Hormones: Hormones like FSH, LH, estrogen, progesterone, and HCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin) are critical regulators.
    • 2 - Cell Model: Illustrates the interaction of thecal cells and granulosa cells; the processes of separation and proliferation; initial and cyclic recruitment of follicles; cholesterol conversion to estrogen (E2).

  • Reproductive Cycles:

    • Types of Reproduction: Oviparous and viviparous
    • Androgens: Associated with sperm production in some cases; dissociated with others, like hibernators.

  • Hormones of Estrous Cycle:

    • Illustrates relationships between hypothalamic (GnRH), pituitary (LH, FSH) and ovarian hormone processes concerning reproductive cycles.
    • Pre-estrus, estrus, diestrus, and menses as related to hormones produced.

  • Pregnancy:

    • HCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin): Hormone critical after fertilization.
    • Hormones regulating pregnancy: Progesterone, Estrogen, and others
    • Labor and Delivery: Hormones trigger uterine contractions.

  • Sexes & Sex Determination:

    • Plain Fin Midshipman: Unique 3-sex species.
    • Female Masculinization: Factors causing masculinization in females.
    • Turner's Syndrome: XO genotype; causes short stature, shield chest and underdeveloped breasts.
    • Klinefelter's Syndrome: XXY genotype; causes reduced beard growth, breast development and wide hips

  • Metabolism and Digestion:

    • Pancreas Islets: a-cells (glucagon), D-cells (somatostatin), and B-cells (insulin) are related parts.
    • Insulin Regulation: Glucose, parasympathetic system, and hormones regulating insulin release/inhibition.
    • Digestion: Digestive system steps, hormones, enzymes, and digestive products and processes.
    • Ghrelin and Motilin: Ghrelin stimulates hunger; motilin moves food through the intestines.
    • CCK Effects: Regulates stomach emptying, and pancreas secretions, as well as brain hunger messages.

  • Calcium and Phosphate:

    • Parathyroid Gland: Regulates blood calcium levels; Vitamin D process related to calcium levels
    • Calcitonin: Hormone related to calcium levels and prevention of high blood calcium levels.
    • Bone Processes / Cells: Osteoblasts, Osteoclasts, Osteocytes are critical for bone metabolism.

  • Adrenal Gland:

    • Adrenal Cortex: Layers of the adrenal cortex and their specific hormone production.
    • Fetal Zone: Fetal zone hormones related to fetal growth stages.
    • Adrenal Medulla: Related to epinephrine and norepinephrine production

  • Epinephrine & Cortisol:

    • Hypothalamus: Related to nervous system, brain blood flow, visceral activity, arousal.
    • Adrenal Medulla: Related to epinephrine, norepinephrine, and cardiovascular activity.
    • Glucocorticoids: Regulate metabolism, immune system, suppress inflammation.

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Description

Prepare for your midterm exam with this comprehensive quiz covering male and female reproductive systems. Explore topics like hormonal cycles, sperm pathways, and stages of the menstrual cycle. Test your knowledge of key hormones and reproductive processes critical for understanding human biology.

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