Endocrinology 2 PDF Notes

2nd Midterm Prep Lecture 10/21 Male Reproduction Testosterone Intervals Sertoli Cells Mammal 6h...

2nd Midterm Prep Lecture 10/21 Male Reproduction Testosterone Intervals Sertoli Cells Mammal 6hrs- 3 his > ① Basement Membrane ① Inhibin puberty ↓ Hair creates blood-tests ⑤ · barrier to secrete fluid into prevent 2) Mammary Glands immune cells to kill lumen of 3) sweat Glands Sperm Pathway sperm semineferous tubule · male contraceptive ? Seminiferous tubule : collecting 4) Inner Far Bones ⑥ phagocytize damaged ↓ sperm ② ABP : androgen binding ductus protein sperm epididymis : sits Mature Male ADPST ↓ (70 days ( Hormones id ③ STP : Steroiderigenesis to protect was deferens : wait til Stimulating protein sperm ejaculation Hormone Function GnRH > FSHLH · - FSH Sterzoli gametes ; cells production of sperm LH FSH , T etc. , , L androgen stim spermatogenesis STP - Stestosterone) Secretion > carrier into epididymus cells O To + ABP- Prolactin Stim sex accessory LH-interstitial > - - #- > produce fluid to help Structures W/T sperm mature in epididyas , ⑦ descent of testicles into scrotum * mammals - Oxytocin ejaculation of requireemp sperm/ orgasm orcookea Cryptochordism * = balls did androgens not drop testosterone 10:20 sex charac estrogens male behavior Prostaglanding ejaculation innibin - FSH Lecture 10/23 Female Reproduction ? > 120 days 11 days , 14 days ↓ p D 8 secondary follicle antral follicle for separation O Stages 00 00 O ·000 O production of E2 00 1) Proestrous : before ovulation o 00 2) Estrous : ovulation Thecal Cells primordial 08 00 00 0 0 O graazian primary I follicle follicle 88 8888 monoestrousimanae ↑ follicle immed atretic follicles 6 upon failure > S > Ovulation induced reproduction initial recruitment Cyclic recruitment : Granuloss · ovulators only my selection : a * spontaneous : release egg when ready dominance 3) diestrous after estrous w no pregnancy the : 4) menses : sloughing of uterine lining. cell model 2 ebasement ↓ - = Visual pineal olfactory stress J estrogen ↓ N brain hepotcom useKis e a · Ez E Pituitary ? PRIfif O CHL Ez thecal cell granulosa ⑦ Corpus Ov na P inhibin Hormones of Estrous Cycle ! Menstrual Cycle M = 29 1 estrousciestrous menses. preestrous SD = 7 46. ↑ Kisspeptin # GnRH ↑ GNRH 66 % in 22-36 hypothalamus ↑ GRH # GHRH ↑ LH NLH ↑ LI ↓ LH pituitary ↑ FSH ↑ FSH ↓ ESH ↑ FSH ovary XE2 TPg LH can cause ↑ innibin ↑ Ez R histamine HE2 ↓ E2 Prog ↑ ↓ Progesterone ↑ body temperature Uters proliferation of lining ↑ Pg removal Uterine of lining Lecture 10/28 brain hormones Pregnancy ↑ stress/bad - - => social > - ↑ Guil (I mimic -unique to pregnancy; ↑ melatonin/interactions HCG ↑ after fertilization , peaks at 12 WKS breast dev. ↑ nutrition = ↓ age of puberty tissue efetal - As HCG ↓ chorionic somatomamotropin, COVD early = puberty E2 ↑ PFOA late : progesterone = Types of Reproduction 1) Oviparous - eggs Placenta Mother vitellogenesis Yolk deposition : in vocytes Hypothalama · -Drain induce contractions N24 his ⑦ h pitoi s Progesterone ↓ Par-Linso Pituitary 2) viviparous- live birth desti contractions ↑ Adrenal ↑ Estradiol ⑦ ↓ cortisol - PTGS ↑ width of birth canal Fetal organ relaxin maturation associated/disassociated w/ mating Androgens are und guiver * issue w/ · associated= androsens = ) Sperm production ↑ surfactant car -Sections · get that · dis = hibernaters coats aveoli eatng Cortisol ↑ CRH (stress) = earlier births ↑ oxytocin a MPRF-X sucking visual > - Prolactice Milk production - Prolactin auditory ↑Prog-NPRF-d - > - Stimulus ↳ ↑ E2-4 Prolactin By Night - During ↑ E2 ↑ LH/FSH puberty Lecture 10130 Reproduction: sexes xi - sry gene i ↓ TDF Plain Fin Midshipman · 3 sexes retstis o · of-macho. of- sneaker. I · hums · attracted · attracted hums to to hums · fertilizes mullere an ↑ eggs · fertilizes · lay eggs ↑ eggs ↓ Our duct Hyenas uters epididymus Vagina Dit Female Masculinization T- Ty > - I glans penis-genital tubercle > - clitoris shaft of genital folds > - labia Minora penis Biological Effects of Androgens scrotumgenital swellings > - labia Majora · Androgenic · Anabolic · 10 20 · Skeletal/muscle setrac growth Congenital Adrenal · growth of fat distribution Hyperplasia · genitalra · deepening of · overproduction of androsens voice all parts · · hair Turner's Syndrome XO Klinefelter syndrome XXY : : TFM (Testicular Feminization 50-Reductase Deficiency · short stature · poor beard growth Mutation) : shield · breast dev Lack of none - > I · chest funct. androgen · wide hips receptors · · underder, breasts · 1/2 > mix , but · small testicular rudimentary size & ovanes puberty · I · wi testis fully of parts Lecture 11/4- Metabolism Diabetes Normal Basal Type I Type I too little too few glucagon insulin - S insulin receptors Pancreas Liver Fat - Muscle Islets insulin-dep not insulin- Liver- > Glucose dep > Brain - & - cells D cells somatostatin B-cells Glucogon ! GLP-1-agonists Insulin Lipolysis breakdown ↓ glucagon · ozempic ~ glucose ↓ glucosea glucose liver fat Lipogenesis ↑ Insulin Leptin = appetite surpresser liver -- ↑ -> production influx influx efflux muscle ↓ gut Insulin Regulation Release : · ↑ glucose ↑ · system parasympathic a GIP · Inhibition : · ↓ glucose · I sympathetic system i somatostatin · Lecture 11/6- Gastrointestinal ↑ hunger Gretch tom Ghrelin Regulation = indirect How to digestion ? ⑭ pr measure Motilin intestine = Squeezing Fistula # - a corpus · m-cells ↳ Get · migrating > - motor persistalsis complex U · 75-90 min. rhythm - ata romit · - moutthe CCK Effects ↓ ph fats ↓ ↓ gastric I-cells emptying ↓ brain-hunger - - intestines : stomachCK / - water reabsorption up secretin veins - > blood =>restu s e exocrine flow to ↓ PH pancreas intestines gull bladder ↓ t ↓ endocrine exocrine pancreas pancreas · bicarbonate biocarbonatedigestees bile salts · insulin ↓ · t · glucagon emmulsify · fats somatistatin duodenum Lecture 11/12 Calcium Phosphate ↓ Ca< Pyrathyroid Gland Calcitonin levels (4) in ↑ calcium =d phosphate ↓ I pregnant to prevent T too muchca vitamin a production & L due to PTHrp (PTH minic Thyroid Kidney bone G tract o Q ↓ ↓ ↓ produced in placenta parathyroid absorbed glands Ca reabsorbed released PTH = parathyroid hormone > calcitonin - > - Cast in blood ↓ Cast in blood - c-cells > - ↑ Ca- > Thyroid Gland E2- ↓ Osteo - porosis Calcitonin Dietary ↓ i menapause = Bone Ca ↓ Ez incorporated do Rickets ↓ Vitamin D ↑ calcitonin / e Knocked/bowed X knees PTH Ca ↑ * gut 46a- I - bone cells > make - bone Osteoblasts breakdown bone Osteoclasts > - mature bone osteocytes > - Lecture 11/13 Adrenal Gland ↓ BP t JG Adrenal Cortex ↓ Remin ↓ Zona aldosterone Ang-11- > > - glomerlosa Ang-I Cortisol ACTH-Zoneelculata > - face Naturite ↑ BP Peptides hypothalamus ACTH zona > androgens - LH- Ang-11 > subformical organ reticularis nCG ~ vasoconstriction Lacey adrenal cortex ~ ↑ thirst Ang-11I ~ - AVP release Fetal zone : ↓ androgens ; ↑ E2 V I vasodilation aldosterone & release ↓ / mana permease ATP Absorption ↓ stu ↑ Nati H20 reabsorption ~ & BP  Lecture 11/18 : 1212 Epinephrine: Cort - Hypothalamus ↓ reproduction ↓ ↓ growth ↓ visceral activity sympathetic nervous system ↓ behavior ↓ ↓ inflammation adrenal medulla ↓ metabolism 4) ↓ immune system ↑ glucose epinephrine norepinephrine A -d ↓ visceral activity (stop digestion) flow Acetylcholine I brain blood Gluccocorticoids Marousal ↓ V PNMT ↑ visual activity Norepinephrine > Epinephrine Calcium ↑ gas exchange ↑ cardiovascular activity VL V ↑ piloerection Brecep & - receptors V v lucocorticoids G vasoconstriction vasodilation · Stimulating ~ 2 ↑ BP · Permissive ↓ BP ↓ GURH · suppressive > - shut down immune > ↓ 2k reproduction sys- · Preparative Practice Exam Questions ① my answer real answer a. inhibits contractions progesterone will · ↓ endogenous : When HCG is low (a hormone progesterone - uters ↓ present post-fertilization ( Progesterone interne that is ↳ progesterone is high, so by having increased its telling progesterone the body to not have fertilization occur , because it just did. D When there reminds is a sugar pill , it the body it is not actually pregnant to release compared the slow prog that maintains this belief for five years answer ② my answer real of 2. gastrin stimulates the production ~ H facid) so wi an agonist there would Nutrients be a highly acidic stomach [save) SS consumed it would have a lesser. b If it was - because typically gastrin travels. effect bloodstream (injection) through the scococoa c glucocorticoids inhibits St , which inhibits the g-cells that produce gastain d the. same reason more direct , sot agonist would inhibit of gastuin production