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There is a constant ______ of blood through the capillaries surrounding the alveoli.
There is a constant ______ of blood through the capillaries surrounding the alveoli.
flow
Emphysema is usually caused by long-term exposure to ______ particles in the air.
Emphysema is usually caused by long-term exposure to ______ particles in the air.
irritating
Smokers constantly inhale ______ in tobacco smoke.
Smokers constantly inhale ______ in tobacco smoke.
irritants
People who work in situations where a lot of ______ is produced are also at risk.
People who work in situations where a lot of ______ is produced are also at risk.
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The irritating particles cause damage to the ______.
The irritating particles cause damage to the ______.
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The lungs are constantly ______, and breathing out no longer occurs passively.
The lungs are constantly ______, and breathing out no longer occurs passively.
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Emphysema sufferers have difficulty in ______ the lungs.
Emphysema sufferers have difficulty in ______ the lungs.
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Emphysema cannot be ______, and once lung damage begins, the progression of the disease cannot be stopped.
Emphysema cannot be ______, and once lung damage begins, the progression of the disease cannot be stopped.
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Air flows from places of higher pressure to places of lower pressure; therefore, air flows into and out of the lungs due to differences in air ______.
Air flows from places of higher pressure to places of lower pressure; therefore, air flows into and out of the lungs due to differences in air ______.
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The process of taking air into the lungs is called ______, or inhalation.
The process of taking air into the lungs is called ______, or inhalation.
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For air to flow into the lungs, the pressure of air in the lungs must be less than the atmospheric pressure ______ the body.
For air to flow into the lungs, the pressure of air in the lungs must be less than the atmospheric pressure ______ the body.
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Decreasing the pressure of air in the lungs is achieved by increasing the ______ of the lungs.
Decreasing the pressure of air in the lungs is achieved by increasing the ______ of the lungs.
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To increase the volume of the lungs, the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles ______.
To increase the volume of the lungs, the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles ______.
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The ______ system allows gas exchange.
The ______ system allows gas exchange.
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Ventilation, or breathing, is the process by which air is moved into and out of the ______.
Ventilation, or breathing, is the process by which air is moved into and out of the ______.
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The process by which air is moved into and out of the lungs is called ______, or breathing.
The process by which air is moved into and out of the lungs is called ______, or breathing.
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Lung cancer is similar to most other ______ in that it involves the development of a mass of cells that divides in an uncontrolled way.
Lung cancer is similar to most other ______ in that it involves the development of a mass of cells that divides in an uncontrolled way.
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Evidence shows clear links between lung cancer and exposure to ______ fibres and other pollutants.
Evidence shows clear links between lung cancer and exposure to ______ fibres and other pollutants.
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Tobacco ______ poses by far the greatest risk for lung cancer.
Tobacco ______ poses by far the greatest risk for lung cancer.
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The most common form of lung cancer begins in the walls of the ______ passages, usually the bronchi.
The most common form of lung cancer begins in the walls of the ______ passages, usually the bronchi.
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Inhaled smoke particles constantly irritate the ______ membrane that lines the air passages.
Inhaled smoke particles constantly irritate the ______ membrane that lines the air passages.
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Trapped mucus causes rupture of the ______.
Trapped mucus causes rupture of the ______.
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Ultimately, a cancerous growth develops in an air passage and may spread to other parts of the ______.
Ultimately, a cancerous growth develops in an air passage and may spread to other parts of the ______.
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______ is an infection of the lungs caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi or other organisms.
______ is an infection of the lungs caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi or other organisms.
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Air passes through the ______ going to and from the lungs.
Air passes through the ______ going to and from the lungs.
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The ______ contains the vocal cords, which can vibrate to make sound.
The ______ contains the vocal cords, which can vibrate to make sound.
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The ______ is lined with a mucous membrane and cells with cilia.
The ______ is lined with a mucous membrane and cells with cilia.
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The ______ move the rib cage upwards and outwards to increase the volume of the chest cavity and thus the lungs when breathing in.
The ______ move the rib cage upwards and outwards to increase the volume of the chest cavity and thus the lungs when breathing in.
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The ______ contract and flatten downwards, thereby increasing the volume of the chest cavity and lungs, during breathing in.
The ______ contract and flatten downwards, thereby increasing the volume of the chest cavity and lungs, during breathing in.
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The ______ are tiny air sacs that make up most of the lung.
The ______ are tiny air sacs that make up most of the lung.
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The alveoli have very thin walls that are well supplied with ______ capillaries for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
The alveoli have very thin walls that are well supplied with ______ capillaries for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
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The lungs are covered by a ______ membrane that also lines the inside of the chest.
The lungs are covered by a ______ membrane that also lines the inside of the chest.
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The ______ fluid between the two layers holds the lungs against the inside of the chest.
The ______ fluid between the two layers holds the lungs against the inside of the chest.
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The lungs occupy all the chest cavity, except the space taken up by the ______.
The lungs occupy all the chest cavity, except the space taken up by the ______.
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The ______ becomes flatter and the rib cage moves upwards and outwards, increasing the volume of the chest cavity.
The ______ becomes flatter and the rib cage moves upwards and outwards, increasing the volume of the chest cavity.
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As the pleura adheres to the internal wall of the chest cavity, the ______ expand with the expanding chest cavity.
As the pleura adheres to the internal wall of the chest cavity, the ______ expand with the expanding chest cavity.
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Increased lung volume means that the air pressure inside the ______ is slightly lower than the pressure outside.
Increased lung volume means that the air pressure inside the ______ is slightly lower than the pressure outside.
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Air flows in through the ______ and trachea until the pressure becomes equal.
Air flows in through the ______ and trachea until the pressure becomes equal.
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During normal, quiet breathing, the ______ is mainly responsible for the changes in chest volume.
During normal, quiet breathing, the ______ is mainly responsible for the changes in chest volume.
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Movements of the ______ become more important during heavier breathing.
Movements of the ______ become more important during heavier breathing.
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Expiration occurs in the ______ way to inspiration.
Expiration occurs in the ______ way to inspiration.
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Air flows out through the ______ and nose until the pressures are equal.
Air flows out through the ______ and nose until the pressures are equal.
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Study Notes
Circulatory and Respiratory Basics
- Constant blood flow occurs through capillaries surrounding the alveoli, facilitating gas exchange.
- Emphysema is primarily caused by long-term exposure to irritating particles, particularly from pollution and tobacco smoke.
- Smokers inhale numerous harmful particles, increasing the risk of lung diseases.
- Occupational exposure to harmful dust and chemicals also contributes to lung damage.
Emphysema and Lung Function
- Damaging particles irritate lung tissue, leading to chronic inflammation and airway obstruction.
- Emphysema sufferers experience difficulty in exhaling due to compromised lung functionality.
- The disease is irreversible, with progression occurring once lung damage begins.
- Air pressure differences drive airflow into and out of the lungs; inhalation occurs when lung pressure is lower than atmospheric pressure.
Mechanics of Breathing
- Inhalation requires an increase in lung volume, achieved by contracting the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles.
- The respiratory system is crucial for gas exchange, allowing oxygen to enter and carbon dioxide to be expelled.
- Ventilation involves the cyclical process of moving air into and out of the lungs.
Lung Cancer
- Lung cancer develops from uncontrolled cell division, with known links to exposure to hazardous materials.
- Tobacco smoke is the most significant risk factor, leading to the most common form of lung cancer originating in bronchial passages.
- Chronic irritation of the airway leading to mucus buildup can cause lung damage and promote cancer growth.
Respiratory Anatomy
- Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs caused by various pathogens, affecting air quality and respiratory efficiency.
- Air travels through the bronchi and trachea, which assist in ventilation while housing the vocal cords for sound production.
- The trachea and air passages are lined with a mucous membrane containing cilia to trap and expel particles.
Breathing Mechanics and Pressure Changes
- Intercostal muscles help expand the rib cage during inhalation, increasing chest cavity volume.
- The diaphragm flattens to further expand thoracic volume during breathing.
- Alveoli, tiny air sacs in the lungs, are critical for efficient gas exchange due to their thin walls and abundant capillary supply.
Pleural Membrane and Lung Capacity
- The pleura is a two-layered membrane covering the lungs and lining the chest cavity.
- Fluid between pleural layers aids in lung expansion, maintaining adhesion to the chest wall.
- Increased thoracic volume during inhalation decreases air pressure in the lungs, causing air to flow in through the trachea.
Mechanics of Breathing Cycles
- Normal quiet breathing relies on the diaphragm for volume changes, while breathing heavily engages additional muscles.
- Expiration mirrors inspiration as air is released through bronchi and nostrils until pressures equalize.
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Description
This quiz covers the effects of lifestyle environment on gas exchange, including how living conditions and work environments impact the efficiency of respiratory surfaces. It also discusses emphysema as a disease caused by long-term exposure to irritating particles in the air.
