Chapter 14 The Kidneys and Regulation of Water and Inorganic Ions

Which of the following does NOT correctly describe kidney function?

An individual has been experiencing a fever and a feeling of urgency to urinate every few minutes, even though they have a very low urine volume. A doctor says that they have a bacterial infection of her bladder. An ultrasound of the ureters indicates that there is no infection in the ureters. Where did the infection begin?

Which correctly describes a basic renal process?

The amount of a substance that is excreted in the urine is equal to the amount that is_________ plus the amount that is_________ minus the amount that is_________.

Which of the following is least likely to be filtered into Bowman's capsule in a normal, healthy person?

All of the following substances are present in proximal tubular fluid in the kidney, but which one is NOT normally present in urine?

Which one of the following substances is LEAST dependent on the kidney for regulation of its plasma concentration?

You have a patient with extensive birth defects that affect the kidney anatomy. Nevertheless, she does have some kidney function. One thing you’ve noticed in the labs is extremely low renin secretion. Which of the following anatomical locations is likely to exhibit abnormal development?

Which correctly describes the composition of the glomerular filtrate?

Which of the following statements concerning the process of glomerular filtration is correct?

Which equation is equal to the net glomerular filtration pressure?

Constriction of the __________ decreases hydrostatic pressure in __________.

Which is TRUE regarding renal tubular reabsorption?

Which of the following describes tubular reabsorption in the kidney?

Which is NOT a transport mechanism typically seen in renal tubular epithelial cells?

Which of the following substances undergoes renal tubular secretion?

An individual wants to make sure that they are always in balance in terms of total body water, where intake equals output. Which of the following is important for them to keep in mind?

Which of the following is TRUE about how water is handled by the nephron?

You are a scientist for the Federal Drug Administration (FDA). An agricultural company wants to market a new pesticide they have developed for use on products in the United States. This pesticide is hydrophilic, has a small molecular weight (it is slightly smaller than glucose), and it does not bind to any proteins. Which of the following is an appropriate hypothesis for how this pesticide will be found in the body?

Carl has hypothyroidism and therefore his Na+/K+ ATPase pumps are functioning at a reduced rate. Will there be any effect on the transport of Na+?

Compared to the normal plasma osmolarity, the tubular fluid is _________ as it enters Bowman's space, _________ at the beginning of the loop of Henle, _________ at the tip of the loop, and _________ at the beginning of the distal convoluted tubule.

In what segment of the nephron is the greatest fraction of filtered water reabsorbed?

An individual was born with a rare genetic disease in which the proximal tubules of the nephrons express half the number of aquaporins as is typical. What will be the result?

In which region of the nephron does the reabsorption of water vary the most in response to variation in the state of hydration?

Which statement is NOT true about the countercurrent multiplier system of the kidney?

How does the renal countercurrent multiplier mechanism allow the creation of a concentrated urine?

Water and NaCl reabsorbed from the loop of Henle directly reenter which blood vessels?

In the condition diabetes mellitus, why does glucose appear in the urine?

Which is TRUE about the hormone vasopressin (also known as antidiuretic hormone, ADH)?

Which of the following would occur if a person lost the ability to synthesize vasopressin?

An individual has had too many alcoholic drinks at a party. One of the effects of alcohol is that it inhibits the release of vasopressin. Which of the following is the individual likely to notice?

Following a few months of noticeably high urine volume, a patient was diagnosed with diabetes insipidus. The doctor prescribed desmopressin, which is a synthetic drug form of which of these hormones?

Which of the following most accurately describes the renal transport of Na+?

What region of the nephron reabsorbs about two-thirds of filtered Na+ and Cl-?

After a day of fasting, an individual's blood Na+ level is quite low. Which of the following is likely to occur?

What is the rate-limiting (regulated) step for hormonal stimulation of aldosterone secretion from the adrenal cortex?

Which of the following statements regarding renal handling of Na+ is correct?

Which correctly describes renin?

Which of the following organs is the main site of aldosterone secretion?

You play a trick on your little brother and replace all the sugar in the sugar bowl with salt. In the morning, you find him eating a bowl full of cereal with salt on it. You realize he’s eaten quite a bit of salt! Which is likely to occur?

In the presence of aldosterone, which nephron region reabsorbs the greatest fraction of the filtered Na+?

Which of the following would cause a decrease in the excretion of Na+ and water?

Following a few months of noticeably high urine volume, a patient was diagnosed with diabetes insipidus and was prescribed desmopressin, which is a synthetic drug form of vasopressin. A few weeks later, the patient accidentally takes two doses instead of one. On that day, what is the patient likely to experience?

Which stimulates vasopressin secretion?

Following an intense workout, your clothes are drenched in sweat, which is 99% water. You estimate you lost at least 0.5 L of sweat. Your (similarly sized) friend skipped the workout to donate blood and you found out they donated 0.5 L of plasma. After these activities, which of you will have a greater increase in vasopressin secretion and why?

After prolonged exertion in a hot climate, baroreceptors would_________ firing, leading to_________ secretion of_________ and thus_________ renal reabsorption of_________.

Which of the following most accurately describes the actions of aldosterone?

Which would result in the greatest stimulation of aldosterone secretion?

You are the CEO of a drug company where you’ve asked five teams of scientists to generate new drugs to decrease blood pressure. You can only send four of the drugs to market. Which of these drugs is least likely to decrease blood pressure and can be eliminated from potential development?

Most of the reabsorption of filtered calcium is unregulated and occurs in the_________, but an additional amount can be reabsorbed in the_________, depending on the plasma

A patient has a parathyroid hormone deficiency. They first approached the doctor because they were experiencing_________ and early blood tests found that they had_________.

When blood Ca2+ levels fall below normal, in what ways do the kidneys help restore them toward normal?

Which of the following statements regarding Ca2+ homeostasis is TRUE?

Which would NOT be caused by a decrease in plasma Ca2+ levels in an otherwise normal person?

Which of the following statements about renal control of blood acid-base balance is TRUE?

Following a series of high-intensity training runs, lactic acid was generated by the leg muscles and is now circulating in the blood. Which of the following is likely to occur?

You are an EMT and arrive at the scene of an opioid overdose. The overdose victim is breathing extremely slowly and shallowly. When you arrive at the ER, you report that the medical team should watch out for signs of:

How would the kidneys respond to hypoventilation?

If a patient with pulmonary disease began to hypoventilate, how would plasma levels of [H+], HCO3-, and PCO2 be changed compared to normal?

An individual with hypertension takes a diuretic that is not potassium-sparing and does not increase ingestion of potassium. Which of the following side effects would the drug be most likely to cause?

You are a scientist at a drug company where your CEO has asked for your team to create a drug that will inhibit spontaneous emptying of the bladder (incontinence). Which of the following drugs would be effective?

The ability of the kidneys to remove molecules from the blood plasma by excreting them in the urine is known as ________

The sensor in tubuloglomerular feedback is a group of cells called the ________.

Rebecca's inspiratory reserve volume = 5, vital capacity= 8, residual volume = 1, and expiratory reserve volume = 2. Her tidal volume would be equal to ________ and her total lung capacity would be ________.

The volume of gas inspired or expired in a quiet respiration cycle is the ________.

The primary buffer in the blood is the ________ buffer.

Regarding the relationships between the rates of oxygen consumption/carbon dioxide production and alveolar ventilation, which of these statements is TRUE?

The steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex, which stimulates salt reabsorption in the kidneys is ________.