Chapter 14: The Brain and Cranial Nerves
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Questions and Answers

The term ______ means 'toward the tail'.

caudal

Which best describes the cerebral cortex?

Surface layer of gray matter on the cerebrum

Which term refers to the connective tissue membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord?

Meninges

How many ventricles are located in the brain?

<p>Four</p> Signup and view all the answers

The blood-brain barrier consists of tight junctions between which of the following?

<p>Capillary endothelial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is the definition of the term 'rostral'?

<p>Toward the nose; toward the forehead or higher (vertical)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The medulla oblongata develops from which of the following?

<p>Myelencephalon</p> Signup and view all the answers

The pons develops from an embryonic secondary brain vesicle called the ____.

<p>Metencephalon</p> Signup and view all the answers

The three-layer fibrous membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord are collectively called the _____

<p>Meninges</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which midbrain structures mediate visual reflexes?

<p>Superior colliculi</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fluid-filled internal chambers of the brain are called ______.

<p>Ventricles</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is least likely to get through the blood-brain barrier?

<p>Urea</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the reticular formation is true?

<p>It is a loose web of gray matter that runs through multiple levels of the brainstem.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The embryonic hindbrain consists of which secondary vesicles? Choose two from the list below.

<p>Myelencephalon</p> Signup and view all the answers

The pons develops from which region of the neural tube?

<p>Metencephalon</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which embryonic brain regions develop into the forebrain?

<p>Diencephalon</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ____ colliculi play an important role in visual attention and visual tracking of moving objects.

<p>Superior</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is sometimes called the 'gateway to the cerebral cortex'?

<p>Thalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name the large, C-shaped structure that contains most of the commissural tracts of the brain.

<p>Corpus callosum</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the reticular formation located?

<p>Brainstem and spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is NOT one of the five cerebral lobes?

<p>Cerebellar lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

The portion of the cerebellum that connects the right and left cerebellar hemispheres is the ______.

<p>Vermis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cerebral lobe is responsible for voluntary motor function, motivation, memory, mood, and aggression?

<p>Frontal</p> Signup and view all the answers

The forebrain includes which of the following structures?

<p>Cerebrum, thalamus, and hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which groove in the brain separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe?

<p>Central sulcus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Is an oval-shaped structure in the diencephalon located at the superior end of the brainstem beneath the cerebral hemispheres.

<p>Thalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

True or false: The chief functions of the parietal lobe include voluntary motor functions, memory, mood, emotion, social judgment, and aggression.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many lobes are found in each of the cerebral hemispheres?

<p>Five</p> Signup and view all the answers

The chief functions of the ____ lobe include voluntary motor functions, memory, mood, emotion, social judgment, and aggression.

<p>Frontal</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ lobe starts at the central sulcus and extends caudally to the parieto-occipital sulcus.

<p>Parietal</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which groove in the brain separates the parietal lobe from the occipital lobe?

<p>Parieto-occipital sulcus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cerebral lobe is responsible for receiving and interpreting input from the general senses, as well as for some taste and visual processing?

<p>Parietal</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ lobe contains the primary visual center of the brain.

<p>Occipital</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the gray matter of the cerebrum located?

<p>Basal nuclei, limbic system, cerebral cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which are the five cerebral lobes?

<p>Occipital lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the range of mental processes by which knowledge is acquired and used?

<p>Cognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which lobe is at the rear of the head?

<p>Occipital</p> Signup and view all the answers

After an injury to the head, Hans cannot remember the past several years of his life. Hans has a type of amnesia called ______ amnesia.

<p>Retrograde</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which groove in the brain separates the parietal lobe from the temporal lobe?

<p>Lateral sulcus</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ is where a person decides the appropriate ways to show feelings.

<p>Prefrontal cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which are examples of general (aka somatosensory or somatic) senses?

<p>Pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sensory perception, thought, reasoning, judgment, learning, memory, imagination, and intuition are all examples of ______.

<p>Cognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which are considered 'special senses'?

<p>Taste</p> Signup and view all the answers

Although it may be different in some people, the Wernicke area is usually located in which hemisphere?

<p>Left hemisphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structures are involved with emotional feelings and memories?

<p>Prefrontal cortex and amygdala</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to vision, equilibrium, hearing, taste, and smell?

<p>Special senses</p> Signup and view all the answers

True or false: 'Cerebral lateralization' refers to the fact that one of the two cerebral hemispheres is dominant in each person.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The primary motor cortex is located in the precentral gyrus of the ______ lobe.

<p>Frontal</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Wernicke area?

<p>Interpreting written and spoken language</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the differences in function between the right and left sides of the cerebrum?

<p>Hemispheric lateralization</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which arise from the base of the brain, exit the cranium through its foramina, and lead to muscles and sense organs in the head and neck?

<p>Cranial nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the hypoglossal (XII) nerve classified according to function?

<p>Motor</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Wernicke area is responsible for interpreting the meaning of written and spoken language. It is found within which cerebral lobe(s)?

<p>Parietal and temporal</p> Signup and view all the answers

Most motor fibers of cranial nerves begin in which of the following?

<p>Brainstem nuclei</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cranial nerves are purely sensory?

<p>CN I and II</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?

<p>12</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of cranial nerve I?

<p>Olfactory</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of cranial nerve II?

<p>Optic</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of cranial nerve III?

<p>Oculomotor</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of cranial nerve IV?

<p>Trochlear</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of cranial nerve V?

<p>Trigeminal</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of cranial nerve VI?

<p>Abducens</p> Signup and view all the answers

True or false: A lesion in the right side of the brainstem will usually cause a sensory or motor deficit on the left side of the head.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cranial nerves are classified as predominantly motor?

<p>VI, XII, XI, III, IV</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the trochlear nerve (cranial nerve IV) classified according to function?

<p>Motor</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the abducens nerve (cranial nerve VI) classified?

<p>Motor</p> Signup and view all the answers

_____ nerves (cranial nerve I) pass through the cribriform plate in the roof of the nasal cavity functioning in the sense of smell.

<p>Olfactory</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many branches does the facial nerve have?

<p>Five</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the vestibulocochlear nerve (cranial nerve VIII) functionally classified?

<p>Predominantly sensory</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve transmits both sensory and motor impulses to the head, neck, and thoracic region?

<p>Glossopharyngeal IX</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII) classified?

<p>Mixed</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of nerve is the vagus nerve?

<p>Mixed</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve transmits sensory signals for hearing and equilibrium?

<p>Vestibulocochlear</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve sends motor signals for swallowing, and moving the head, neck, and shoulders?

<p>Accessory</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cranial nerve plays a major role in the control of cardiac, pulmonary, digestive, and urinary functions?

<p>Vagus</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the accessory (XI) nerve classified?

<p>Motor</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Brain Terminology

  • "Caudal" refers to the direction "toward the tail."
  • "Rostral" indicates a position "toward the nose" or "higher" in a vertical orientation.
  • "Meninges" are the connective tissue membranes that envelop the brain and spinal cord.

Brain Structure

  • The cerebral cortex is the outer gray matter layer of the cerebrum.
  • The brain contains four ventricles, which are fluid-filled internal chambers.
  • The blood-brain barrier is formed by tight junctions between capillary endothelial cells.

Brain Development

  • The medulla oblongata arises from the myelencephalon.
  • The pons develops from the metencephalon.

Midbrain and Visual Reflexes

  • Structures in the midbrain that mediate visual reflexes include the superior colliculi.

Cerebral Anatomy

  • The thalamus is known as the "gateway to the cerebral cortex."
  • The corpus callosum is a large, C-shaped structure that contains most commissural tracts of the brain.
  • The cerebellum has a structure called the vermis connecting its left and right hemispheres.

Cerebral Lobes and Functions

  • Five cerebral lobes exist: frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, and insula.
  • The frontal lobe is crucial for voluntary motor function, motivation, memory, mood, and aggression.
  • The parietal lobe processes input from general senses, taste, and some visual signals.
  • The occipital lobe is the primary visual center of the brain, while the temporal lobe handles auditory signals.

Cognition and Special Senses

  • Cognition encompasses various mental processes such as reasoning, memory, and judgment.
  • Special senses include equilibrium, smell, taste, hearing, and vision.

Cranial Nerves Overview

  • There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves that emerge from the base of the brain and innervate head and neck muscles.
  • Cranial nerves are classified into sensory, motor, or mixed based on their function.
  • Purely sensory cranial nerves include CN I (olfactory) and CN II (optic).

Classification of Cranial Nerves

  • Some cranial nerves, such as VI (abducens), XII (hypoglossal), XI (accessory), III (oculomotor), and IV (trochlear), are primarily motor.
  • The facial nerve (VII) and vagus nerve (X) are classified as mixed nerves.
  • The vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) is predominantly sensory, responsible for hearing and equilibrium.

Role of Specific Cranial Nerves

  • The glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) transmits both sensory and motor impulses.
  • The vagus nerve is vital for regulating cardiac, pulmonary, digestive, and urinary functions.
  • The accessory nerve (XI) sends motor signals for neck and shoulder movements.

Important Brain Regions

  • The prefrontal cortex is involved in decision-making regarding emotional expressions.
  • The Wernicke area, found in the left hemisphere, interprets written and spoken language.

Connections Between Cerebral Hemispheres

  • Hemispheric lateralization describes functional differences between the left and right cerebral hemispheres.
  • Retrograde amnesia affects a person's ability to remember past events after a head injury.

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Description

This quiz covers essential terms and concepts from Chapter 14 related to the brain and cranial nerves. Test your knowledge about the structure of the cerebral cortex, the meninges, and more. Ideal for students looking to reinforce their understanding of neuroanatomy.

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