19th Century Science in British Education

The activity is the main source of income, with recognized training, standards and collective group consciousness.

Fears that British science is in decline. British science introduced to Universities and civil service. Science and research essentials for the well being of the nation.

The counter argument was that British science was not in decline, using the example of the Transatlantic Telegraph cable project.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To form a common ground for the middle class to soften political differences. Science was not hard to understand, and it offered a common ground where people from different backgrounds could learn and engage in a shared pursuit, thereby softening political divisions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They held an annual meeting in a different town each year. It was a week-long conference. This provided a platform to a greater geographical reach across Britain and allowed for diverse perspectives to be presented and discussed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The main reasons for resistance to science at Oxbridge and Cambridge were: Institutional factors, and the establishment of classical truths versus the uncertainties of research.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Key reasons for the introduction of science into university curriculum were: Industrial competition, and the need for a scientific education to meet the needs of local industries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The reasons for the introduction of Science into University curriculum were: industrial competition, and the need for a scientific education to meet local industrial needs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The watchmaker analogy, which suggested that a complex and harmonious universe is created, like a clock with intricate parts, by a designer or maker.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The key factors were industrial competition, Prussian victories over Austria and France, rising volume of American imports, and reduced growth rate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The key changes in the industrial revolution were: The shift from muscle power to steam power, from small workshops/home manufacturing to factories, and from a slower pace to a faster one.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alleged poor performance of British Industrialists at L'EXPOSITION UNIVERSELLE, Inventors rather than scientist had been on the forefront in Britain, and Decline of the natural reserves (coal and iron) in Britain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A counter-argument arose highlighting that British science was still contributing with major achievements, like the Transatlantic Telegraph cable, which was the result of their collective work with American investors and British engineers like Lord Kelvin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In the second half of the 19th century, industry began to depend more on scientific expertise.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Those who were prominent in phrenology were: Francis Joseph Gall, the founder of phrenology; George Combe; and Thomas Robert Malthus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It was unacceptable for society. Darwin was forced to work in seclusion, publishing a book 'On the Origin of Species' in 1859.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The influential book 'Philosophie Zoologique' was written by Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The book 'Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation' was written anonymously by Charles Chambers, and a key aspect of this book was its attempt to explain the universe through the lens of Lamarckian evolution, rejecting natural theology's emphasis on divine intervention in the creation and development of life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Oxford Meeting, held in 1860, saw a debate between Bishop Samuel Wilberforce and biologist T.H. Huxley, after Darwin’s Origin of Species was published in 1859. Although the debate is often misconstrued as a heated clash between religion and science, the actual event involved only one paper specifically mentioning Darwin's theory, with the debate arising after this presentation. The narrative of conflict between science and religion is often exaggerated, as historians have since identified a broader context of a cultural shift, with figures like Huxley promoting professional science and marginalizing theology.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The major challenges to Anglican orthodoxy included debates on moral and doctrinal grounds, which often centered on questions of morality and eternal damnation, as well as discussions on the role of miracles and the authority of religious teachings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>This argument contends that the debate was not a clash between science and religion but rather a clash between traditional and progressive ideologies in Victorian society.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The arguments were: A belief in the markers of 'civilization' and a duty to impose development on underdeveloped peoples. The concept of ‘race’ was also used to justify imperial expansion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Researches into the Physical History of Man, culture and stage of material development of people as indicators, and Monogenesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To provide practical assistance to indigenous communities and help them survive within the changing landscape of the British Empire.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Initially, the British Association refused to create an ethnological section, but they later agreed to create a joint section with geography.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Robert Knox, a polygenist, argued that races were not 'varieties' but distinct species that have not changed and never would.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Racial science' was used to justify the empire and hierarchy in the Victorian era. Arguments were often based on the understanding of human evolution in cultural terms, emphasizing biological determinism, which favored certain groups over others. This ideology helped to legitimize colonialism, exploitation, and discrimination against those perceived as 'inferior' races in the eyes of the British.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Racial science was used to make arguments about the validity of the empire, as well as justify racial hierarchy. This was seen as a way to scientifically justify the British empire.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Englishwoman’s Journal argued that women should have property rights and the vote, as well as greater opportunities in education.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The key debates about women and men focused on the differences between sexes, arguing that women were naturally inferior to men in terms of biology, intelligence, and capability. This often led to discussions about the influence of biology and environmental factors on the development of individual traits and how they shaped the roles of men and women in society.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The main argument made was that women were naturally weaker physically and intellectually. Some attributed these differences to biology and some attributed these differences to upbringing and environment. This debate often fueled scientific debates about evolutionary theory, as well as the nature of human behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The research suggested that it was impossible to determine the sex of a brain based on its size or weight.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Darwin's argument in &quot;The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex&quot; was based on the idea of 'innatism,' emphasizing the role of biological determinism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The study of phrenology in Britain was met with early skepticism but gained more acceptance amongst the general public. It appealed to the public as a science of happiness, promising a way to achieve personal development and well-being.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The study of phrenology gained more acceptance among the general public. It offered a means to achieve personal development, and offered an alternative approach to happiness outside of religion. This approach emphasized the importance of personal responsibility and self-improvement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The rise of 'racial science' led to a marginalization of phrenology within the medical community. It was often associated with the 'old guards' who were Anglican while those who practiced phrenology were seen as dissenting, deist, materialist, and younger practitioners.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phrenology brought the study of the mind with the body, attempting to bridge the gap between physical anatomy and its relationship to mental capacities. This move helped to push the boundaries of understanding human behavior and complexity, paving the way for future explorations of neurocience.</p> Signup and view all the answers