Podcast
Questions and Answers
Who promulgated the Cadiz Constitution in 1812?
Who promulgated the Cadiz Constitution in 1812?
Which monarch implemented the Bourbon Reforms in Spain?
Which monarch implemented the Bourbon Reforms in Spain?
Which of the following is not a key feature of the Cadiz Constitution?
Which of the following is not a key feature of the Cadiz Constitution?
Who wrote 'Common Sense'?
Who wrote 'Common Sense'?
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Which thinker is associated with 'Two Treatises of Government'?
Which thinker is associated with 'Two Treatises of Government'?
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During the 19th century in the Philippines, what crop was not a major export to foreign markets?
During the 19th century in the Philippines, what crop was not a major export to foreign markets?
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Which document advocated for land reform and free enterprise?
Which document advocated for land reform and free enterprise?
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Which region in the Philippines was known for the production of sugar during the 19th century?
Which region in the Philippines was known for the production of sugar during the 19th century?
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Who established the Philippine tobacco monopoly on March 1, 1782?
Who established the Philippine tobacco monopoly on March 1, 1782?
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Which industry did the Spanish government legalize the use of in the Philippines in the 1840s?
Which industry did the Spanish government legalize the use of in the Philippines in the 1840s?
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What major transportation route's opening shortened travel time between Europe and East Asia in the 19th century?
What major transportation route's opening shortened travel time between Europe and East Asia in the 19th century?
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Which group served as agents for distribution and buy-up of goods in the Philippines during the 19th century?
Which group served as agents for distribution and buy-up of goods in the Philippines during the 19th century?
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Which subjects were taught in the first formal schools in the 19th century?
Which subjects were taught in the first formal schools in the 19th century?
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Who were the absentee landlords in the Inquilino System?
Who were the absentee landlords in the Inquilino System?
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What battle cry influenced the change from monarchy to a liberal government system?
What battle cry influenced the change from monarchy to a liberal government system?
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What was the designated role of a 'Lay Filipino brother' in the haciendas?
What was the designated role of a 'Lay Filipino brother' in the haciendas?
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Which group of individuals had a right to use land in exchange for rent in the Inquilino System?
Which group of individuals had a right to use land in exchange for rent in the Inquilino System?
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What did the Laws of the Indies mandate locals to learn?
What did the Laws of the Indies mandate locals to learn?
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Study Notes
Economic Context
- The Galleon Trade ended in 1815, marking the end of Manila as Asia's Trading Hub.
- The opening of the Suez Canal shortened travel time between Europe and East Asia, prompting Ilustrados to pursue education abroad.
- The Philippines' economy shifted towards export crops like sugar, Manila hemp, and coffee, which were produced and exported to foreign markets.
- The Chinese population expanded, and they served as agents for distribution and buying up of goods.
- The Spanish government established monopolies on products like opium, spirituous liquors, betel nut, tobacco, and explosives.
Social Background
- Education in the 19th century was introduced by European missionaries, with "Religion" as a compulsory subject.
- The "Laws of the Indies" mandated the teaching of locals to read, write, and learn.
- Parochial schools were established by Catholic orders like Augustinians, Franciscans, Jesuits, and Dominicans.
- Subjects taught included Reading, Writing, Arithmetic, Vocational, and Practical Arts, with Latin as an official language.
Rise of Chinese Mestizo and Inquilinos
- The rise of Chinese Filipinos led to the emergence of a new class of rich and influential Filipino mestizos who owned haciendas.
- The Inquilino System allowed tenants to use land in exchange for rent, with friars and Spanish as absentee landlords.
- A lay Spanish mestizo or Filipino brother was designated as the "administrador" to collect rentals and remit income.
Political Landscape
- Liberalism emerged in the Philippines, influenced by the French Revolution and thinkers like Jean Jacques Rousseau, John Locke, and Thomas Paine.
- The Bourbon Reforms led to a complex reform process, reducing the Catholic Church's influence on colonization.
- The Cadiz Constitution of 1812 established universal male suffrage, national sovereignty, constitutional monarchy, freedom of the press, and advocated for land reform and free enterprise.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the economic context of 19th-century Philippines as depicted in Rizal's era. Explore topics such as the end of the Galleon Trade, the impact of the opening of the Suez Canal, and the rise of the export crop economy.
