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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is known as the powerhouse of the cell?
Which of the following is known as the powerhouse of the cell?
All living things can produce waste.
All living things can produce waste.
True
Who discovered cells and in what year?
Who discovered cells and in what year?
Robert Hooke, 1665
The ___ is a major organelle that acts like the brain of the cell.
The ___ is a major organelle that acts like the brain of the cell.
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Match the following organelles with their functions:
Match the following organelles with their functions:
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What process involves the movement of water molecules?
What process involves the movement of water molecules?
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Animal cells contain chloroplasts.
Animal cells contain chloroplasts.
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What are the main structural differences between plant and animal cells?
What are the main structural differences between plant and animal cells?
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What is the primary function of osmosis in cells?
What is the primary function of osmosis in cells?
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Multicellular organisms are made up of only one cell.
Multicellular organisms are made up of only one cell.
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Name three unicellular organisms.
Name three unicellular organisms.
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_________ are formed by groups of similar cells that perform a specific function.
_________ are formed by groups of similar cells that perform a specific function.
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Match the following types of cells with their characteristics:
Match the following types of cells with their characteristics:
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Which structures are used by unicellular organisms for movement?
Which structures are used by unicellular organisms for movement?
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Impermeable membranes allow all substances to pass through.
Impermeable membranes allow all substances to pass through.
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What are the three levels of permeability?
What are the three levels of permeability?
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Study Notes
Cell Basics
- Cell: The fundamental, microscopic unit of life.
- Characteristics of Living Things: Growth, reproduction, repair, energy requirement, environmental responsiveness, lifespan, cellular composition, waste production.
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Cell Theory:
- All living organisms are composed of cells.
- Cells are the basic unit of life.
- All cells arise from pre-existing cells.
- Robert Hooke: First person to discover cells around 1665.
Cell Organelles
- Mitochondria: Powerhouse of the cell, responsible for energy production.
- Nucleus: Control center of the cell, involved in cell growth and genetic material storage.
- Cytoplasm: Gel-like substance that holds cell components together.
- Vacuole: Acts like a vacuum, storing water and nutrients.
- Cell Wall (in plants): Outer layer of plant cell providing structure and support.
- Chloroplasts (in plants): Contain chlorophyll, essential for photosynthesis.
- Cell Membrane: Protective barrier regulating entry and exit of substances.
Plant vs. Animal Cells
- Key Differences: Plant cells have cell walls and chloroplasts; animal cells have lysosomes.
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Importance of Differences:
- Cell walls provide structural support for plants.
- Chloroplasts enable photosynthesis in plants.
- Lysosomes aid in nutrient digestion in animals.
- Plant vacuoles are larger for water and nutrient storage, maintaining turgor pressure and rigidity.
Diffusion and Osmosis
- Diffusion: Movement of particles from high to low concentration, essential for nutrient uptake and waste removal.
- Osmosis: Diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane, maintaining appropriate water balance within cells.
Unicellular vs. Multicellular
- Number of cells: Unicellular - one cell; Multicellular - many cells.
- Movement: Unicellular - cilia, flagella, pseudopods; Multicellular - muscles, skeletons.
- Nutrition: Unicellular - direct absorption; Multicellular - specialized digestive systems.
- Gas exchange: Unicellular - through cell membrane; Multicellular - specialized organs (lungs, gills).
- Examples of Unicellular Organisms: Amoeba, Paramecium, Bacteria, Diatom.
Organization in Multicellular Life
- Tissues: Groups of similar cells performing a specific function (e.g., muscle tissue).
- Organs: Structures composed of different tissues working together (e.g., heart).
- Organ Systems: Groups of organs cooperating for a larger function (e.g., circulatory system).
- Multicellular Organization Hierarchy: Organelles -> Cells -> Tissues -> Organs -> Organ systems -> Organisms.
Cell Permeability
- Permeable: All substances can pass through.
- Semi-permeable: Only certain substances can pass through.
- Impermeable: No substances can pass through.
Types of Cells
- Prokaryotic Cells: Simple, lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; found in bacteria and archaea.
- Eukaryotic Cells: Complex, with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; found in plants, animals, fungi, and protists.
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