1920s-1930s US Foreign Policy Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What was the main goal of the Washington Conference of 1921?

To reduce naval armaments among major world powers.

What was the primary goal of the Five Power Treaty?

To maintain specific ratios for the largest battleships among the five largest navies.

What agreement did the Four Power Treaty involve?

The United States, France, Great Britain, and Japan agreed to respect each other's Pacific territories.

What was the main objective of the Nine-Power Treaty?

<p>To uphold the Open Door Policy in China.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the Kellogg-Briand Pact, and what were some limitations?

<p>The Kellogg-Briand Pact renounced wars for national purposes but permitted defensive wars and lacked a system for penalizing violators.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the main impacts of the 1922 tariff passed by Congress?

<p>The 1922 tariff hurt European countries, led to retaliatory tariffs on US goods, hindered European nations from paying war debts, and contributed to the Great Depression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What made the US a creditor nation after WWI?

<p>The US loaned money to its allies during WWI, making it a creditor nation after the war.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Dawes Plan attempt to ease financial struggles after WWI?

<p>By lending money to Germany, allowing them to rebuild their economy and repay reparations owed to other countries, easing tensions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Herbert Hoover's main approach to foreign policy in Latin America?

<p>Hoover sought to promote friendly relations and end the interventionalist policies of previous administrations, withdrawing troops from Nicaragua and Haiti.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Japan's actions in the early 1930s challenge the international order?

<p>Japan defied the Open Door Policy and the League of Nations by invading Manchuria, showing defiance of international norms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the Stimson Doctrine, and what was its purpose?

<p>The Stimson Doctrine was a statement against the Japanese-created government in Manchuria, condemning it as illegitimate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the central idea behind FDR's Good Neighbor Policy?

<p>FDR pledged not to intervene in the internal affairs of Latin American nations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did FDR's policy towards Cuba differ from previous US administrations?

<p>FDR worked to repeal the Platt Amendment, ending US control over Cuba, with the exception of the naval base at Guantanamo Bay.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did FDR handle the situation with Mexico's seizure of American-owned oil properties in 1938?

<p>FDR encouraged negotiations between American businesses and the Mexican government, discouraging direct US intervention.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did FDR's recognition of the Soviet Union in 1933 impact US-Soviet relations?

<p>FDR's recognition led to increased trade and diplomatic engagement between the US and the Soviet Union, reversing the policy of previous Republican presidents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was FDR's policy regarding the Philippines during the Depression?

<p>FDR supported granting the Philippines independence by 1946 and withdrew US military forces from the islands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did FDR's Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act work to promote trade?

<p>The act gave the president the power to lower tariffs by up to 50% for nations that did the same for the US.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the core principles of Fascist Italy under Benito Mussolini?

<p>Mussolini promoted glorifying the nation through aggression and domination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Nazi Germany under Hitler violate the Treaty of Versailles?

<p>Hitler and the Nazi party greatly expanded the German military, violating the treaty's limitations on its armed forces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were some of the main factors contributing to the rise of Japan's militarism in the 1920s and 1930s?

<p>Japan's militarism rose due to increased nationalism, territorial ambitions, and a desire for greater international influence, leading to aggression in Asia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main conflict in the Spanish Civil War, and what was the US stance?

<p>The Spanish Civil War pitted fascists against those opposing fascism. The US did not formally intervene in the conflict.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main concern of the America First Committee?

<p>The America First Committee opposed American involvement in the growing war in Europe and Asia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were some of the main reasons for American isolationism in the 1930s?

<p>Many Americans viewed WWI involvement as a mistake and sought to avoid a similar experience, particularly with the rise of fascist and militaristic powers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Neutrality Acts of 1935 seek to limit US involvement in foreign conflicts?

<p>The Neutrality Acts of 1935 prohibited arms shipments to belligerents and forbade US citizens from traveling on ships of warring nations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What additional restriction did the Neutrality Act of 1936 place on US involvement?

<p>It forbade the extension of loans and credits to warring nations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of the Neutrality Act of 1937?

<p>It prohibited the shipment of arms to both sides of the Spanish Civil War.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Roosevelt alter US policy toward neutrality during the late 1930s and early 1940s?

<p>Roosevelt shifted from isolationism to a more active policy supporting the Allies, gradually transitioning the US towards involvement in the war.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What event spurred many Americans to believe that the US should strengthen its defenses, even though it was not directly involved in the war?

<p>The fall of France to Germany deeply alarmed many Americans, leading them to support a strengthening of US defenses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the 'Cash and Carry' policy aim to help the Allies without formally entering the war?

<p>It allowed the US to send arms to belligerents as long as they used their own ships and paid cash, aiding the Allies without direct military involvement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the Selective Service Act of 1940 introduce in the US?

<p>The Selective Service Act established a draft, requiring the training of 1.2 million troops.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the agreement between the US and Great Britain in the 'Destroyers for Bases' program?

<p>The US traded 50 older destroyer ships to Great Britain in exchange for US military bases in the Caribbean.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main idea behind the 'Lend-Lease Act'?

<p>The Lend-Lease Act allowed the US to sell or loan war materials to any country deemed vital for the country's own defense.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the main commitments stated in the Atlantic Charter of 1941?

<p>The Atlantic Charter pledged that neither the US nor Britain would seek territorial gains from the war and that they would work for peace and cooperation after the war.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of Roosevelt's 'shoot on sight' order regarding German ships?

<p>This order escalated US involvement in the war by allowing US forces to engage German ships on the high seas, effectively ending neutrality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were some of the key factors that led to heightened tensions between the US and Japan in 1941?

<p>Tensions increased due to Japan's aggression in Asia, its defiance of the Open Door Policy in China, and its refusal to back down from its expansionist aims.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the three major nations that formed the Axis Powers during World War II?

<p>Germany, Italy, and Japan formed the Axis powers, representing a coalition of aggressive and expansionist nations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the US oil embargo against Japan in 1941 significantly impact the country?

<p>The embargo severely hindered Japan's war effort by denying it access to vital resources such as oil, rubber, and other key materials needed for its military and industry.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Washington Conference

(1921) Conference to reduce naval armaments among major powers.

Five Power Treaty

Agreement among the largest navies to maintain battleship ratios and not fortify the Pacific.

Four Power Treaty

US, France, GB, and Japan agreed to respect each other's Pacific territories.

Nine-Power Treaty

Agreement to respect the Open Door policy in China among all nations involved.

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Kellogg-Briand Pact

1928 pact renouncing war for national purposes; only allowed defensive wars.

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Creditor Nation

Post-WWI, the US became a creditor nation demanding debt repayment from allies.

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Dawes Plan

Plan to lend Germany money for rebuilding and ease reparations payment.

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Good Neighbor Policy

FDR's commitment to non-intervention in Latin American affairs.

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Stimson Doctrine

Opposition to Japan's government in Manchuria by US Secretary of State.

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Japan's Aggression

Invasion of Manchuria in defiance of international policy by Japan.

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Neutrality Acts of 1935

Authorized POTUS to prohibit arms shipments to belligerent nations.

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Cash and Carry

Policy allowing arms shipment to belligerents if paid in cash and transported by their ships.

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Lend-Lease Act

Allowed the US to sell or loan war materials to vital defense allies.

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Atlantic Charter

1941 pledge for peace and no territory acquisition after WWII by the US and UK.

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Axis Powers

Alliance of Germany, Italy, and Japan during World War II.

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Oil Embargo

July 1941 embargo on vital materials, hurting Japan's resources.

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American Isolationists

Many Americans opposed involvement in foreign wars after WWI.

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Reciprocal Trade

FDR’s approach to lower tariffs to boost trade with reciprocal agreements.

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Spanish Civil War

Civil war between fascists and opponents in Spain, US remained uninvolved.

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Destroyers for Bases

Trade of US destroyers for military bases in the Caribbean with GB.

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Selective Service Act

1940 act initiating the military draft in the US.

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Japanese Militarism

Rise of nationalism and militarism in Japan during the 20s to 30s.

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Neutrality Acts of 1936

Forbade US loans and credits to belligerent nations.

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Neutrality Acts of 1937

Forbade arms shipments to warring factions in Spain's civil war.

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Soviet Union Recognition

FDR's 1933 recognition of the Soviet Union, increasing trade relations.

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Rise of Fascism

The emergence of fascist regimes in Italy and Germany during the interwar period.

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Herbert Hoover's Latin America Policy

Hoover aimed for friendlier relations in Latin America, stopping intervention.

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Study Notes

1920s-1930s US Foreign Policy

  • Washington Conference (1921): Major powers (US, GB, Japan, France, Italy) met to reduce naval armaments.
  • Five Power Treaty: Main naval powers agreed on ratios for battleships and promised not to fortify their Pacific territories.
  • Four Power Treaty: US, GB, France, and Japan agreed to respect each other's Pacific territories.
  • Nine Power Treaty: All nations agreed to uphold the Open Door policy in China.
  • Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928): Nations renounced war for national gain, but permitted defensive wars. No penalties for violations.

Economic and Diplomatic Issues

  • Latin America: US investment grew, military influence declined. Post-Mexican Revolution tensions eased through negotiation.
  • Middle East: US and GB competed for oil drilling rights.
  • Tariffs: 1922 US tariffs hurt Europe, leading reciprocal tariffs and hindering war debt repayment; contributed to the Great Depression.
  • Creditor Nation: US became a major creditor after WWI. Demands for full repayment from GB & France pressured those nations. Germany could not repay.
  • Dawes Plan: American plan to lend Germany money to pay war reparations, easing financial burdens.
  • Herbert Hoover's Foreign Policy: Focused on friendly relations with Latin America, ending interventions.

Rising International Tensions

  • Japanese Aggression (1930s): Japan invaded Manchuria, violating international agreements. The League of Nations failed to act.
  • Stimson Doctrine: US Secretary of State opposed the Japanese-created Manchukuo regime.
  • FDR's Policies: Shift away from isolation, but avoiding direct intervention.

FDR's Foreign Policy

  • Good Neighbor Policy: US pledge to not intervene in Latin American internal affairs. Overturned the Roosevelt Corollary.
  • Cuba: Platt Amendment repealed, US now limited to Guantanamo Bay.
  • Mexico: US urged negotiation when Mexico seized US-owned oil properties.
  • Soviet Union: US recognized the Soviet Union, leading to increased trade.
  • Philippines: FDR supported Philippine independence (by 1946) and US troop withdrawal.
  • Reciprocal Trade: US lowered tariffs to increase trade.

Rise of Fascism and Militarism

  • Italy: Benito Mussolini's Fascist government promoted national glory and aggression.
  • Germany: Hitler's Nazi party gained power, militarized, and violated the Treaty of Versailles.
  • Japan: Japan's nationalism and militarism led to expansionist actions in Asia.
  • Spanish Civil War: US did not directly intervene in the conflict between Franco's fascists and anti-fascists.

American Isolationism

  • American Isolationists: Wanted to avoid another WWI. Thought WWI involvement served mainly wealthy interests.
  • Neutrality Acts (1935-1937): Restricted US involvement in European conflicts: arms sales, loans, travel..
  • Roosevelt's Changing Policies: Shifting from isolationism to aid for Allies. Despite strong isolationism, US strengthened defenses.

Towards War

  • Cash and Carry: US could sell arms to belligerents as long as they paid cash and transported them by their own ships.
  • Selective Service Act (1940): US instituted a draft to build up military forces.
  • Destroyers for Bases: US traded 50 destroyers for military bases in the Caribbean.
  • Arsenal of Democracy: Supporting the Allies to prevent a potentially global conflagration.
  • Lend-Lease Act: Allowed the US to loan/sell war materials to countries vital to US defense.
  • Atlantic Charter: US and GB pledged no territorial gains and post-war peace.
  • Shoot on Sight: US navy ordered to fire on German vessels.
  • Disputes with Japan: Escalating tension; oil embargo placed on Japan.
  • Axis Powers: Germany, Italy, and Japan formed an alliance.

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