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What event marked the beginning of the Philippine struggle for independence from Spain?
What event marked the beginning of the Philippine struggle for independence from Spain?
What was one of the main provisions included in the 1899 Constitution?
What was one of the main provisions included in the 1899 Constitution?
Which significant event occurred on January 23, 1899?
Which significant event occurred on January 23, 1899?
What was one impact of the short-lived First Philippine Republic?
What was one impact of the short-lived First Philippine Republic?
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How did the U.S. respond after the establishment of the First Philippine Republic?
How did the U.S. respond after the establishment of the First Philippine Republic?
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What does the Preamble of the 1935 Philippine Constitution emphasize?
What does the Preamble of the 1935 Philippine Constitution emphasize?
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What type of government structure was established by the 1899 Constitution?
What type of government structure was established by the 1899 Constitution?
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Which of the following civil liberties was included in the 1899 Constitution?
Which of the following civil liberties was included in the 1899 Constitution?
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What was the significance of the ratification of the 1935 Constitution?
What was the significance of the ratification of the 1935 Constitution?
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Which amendment to the 1935 Constitution modified the terms of the presidency?
Which amendment to the 1935 Constitution modified the terms of the presidency?
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What event interrupted the operation of the 1935 Constitution?
What event interrupted the operation of the 1935 Constitution?
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What was the primary government structure established by the 1973 Constitution?
What was the primary government structure established by the 1973 Constitution?
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Which of the following best describes the primary goal set forth in the preamble of the 1987 Constitution?
Which of the following best describes the primary goal set forth in the preamble of the 1987 Constitution?
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What was the main purpose of the 1935 Constitution regarding independence?
What was the main purpose of the 1935 Constitution regarding independence?
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What was the legislative body formed under the modified parliamentary system of the 1973 Constitution?
What was the legislative body formed under the modified parliamentary system of the 1973 Constitution?
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What role did economic and social reforms play in the 1935 Constitution?
What role did economic and social reforms play in the 1935 Constitution?
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What is the main goal of the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law of 1988?
What is the main goal of the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law of 1988?
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Which of the following groups are considered primary beneficiaries of the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law?
Which of the following groups are considered primary beneficiaries of the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law?
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What is one of the challenges faced during the implementation of the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law?
What is one of the challenges faced during the implementation of the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law?
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During what historical period was the 'tributo' tax system formalized in the Philippines?
During what historical period was the 'tributo' tax system formalized in the Philippines?
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What was a significant outcome of the Hacienda Luisita Massacre?
What was a significant outcome of the Hacienda Luisita Massacre?
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Which agency supervises the implementation of the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP)?
Which agency supervises the implementation of the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP)?
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What is one of the purposes of taxation?
What is one of the purposes of taxation?
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What are landowners allowed to retain under the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law?
What are landowners allowed to retain under the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law?
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What does Article VI, Section 28 of the Philippine Constitution advocate for in taxation?
What does Article VI, Section 28 of the Philippine Constitution advocate for in taxation?
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Which government body is primarily responsible for the national tax administration in the Philippines?
Which government body is primarily responsible for the national tax administration in the Philippines?
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What is the main purpose of the TRAIN Law in the Philippines?
What is the main purpose of the TRAIN Law in the Philippines?
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Which tax is not administered by the Bureau of Internal Revenue (BIR)?
Which tax is not administered by the Bureau of Internal Revenue (BIR)?
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Which of the following statements about local government units (LGUs) and taxation is true?
Which of the following statements about local government units (LGUs) and taxation is true?
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What is classified as a progressive tax in the Philippine taxation system?
What is classified as a progressive tax in the Philippine taxation system?
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Which of the following best describes the term 'progressive system of taxation' as intended in the Philippines?
Which of the following best describes the term 'progressive system of taxation' as intended in the Philippines?
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What is primarily targeted by the income tax in the Philippines?
What is primarily targeted by the income tax in the Philippines?
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What is the current Value Added Tax (VAT) rate in the Philippines?
What is the current Value Added Tax (VAT) rate in the Philippines?
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Which type of tax is specifically imposed on gifts and donations?
Which type of tax is specifically imposed on gifts and donations?
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For which types of goods is Excise Tax applied?
For which types of goods is Excise Tax applied?
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What determines the amount of Documentary Stamp Tax that must be paid?
What determines the amount of Documentary Stamp Tax that must be paid?
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Which tax is withheld from employee salaries as an advance payment for Income Taxes?
Which tax is withheld from employee salaries as an advance payment for Income Taxes?
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How is the income tax on individuals and corporations primarily determined?
How is the income tax on individuals and corporations primarily determined?
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Who is responsible for paying the Donor's Tax?
Who is responsible for paying the Donor's Tax?
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Which tax applies to businesses with gross annual sales under 3 million and that are not VAT registered?
Which tax applies to businesses with gross annual sales under 3 million and that are not VAT registered?
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Study Notes
1899 Constitution
- Preamble: Representatives of the Filipino people established justice, common defense, general welfare, and liberty.
- Colonial Struggle: Philippines under Spanish rule for over 300 years.
- Philippine Revolution (1896): Filipinos fought for independence.
- Spanish-American War (1898): US defeated Spain, Philippines ceded to US.
- Malolos Congress (September 15, 1898): Established in Barasoain Church, Malolos, Bulacan.
- Purpose: Drafting a constitution to establish an independent Philippine Republic.
- Main Provision: Unicameral assembly, separation of powers (executive, legislative, judicial), civil liberties (speech, press, religion), and social justice (education, property protection).
- Inauguration (January 23, 1899): Emilio Aguinaldo as President.
- Significance: Asia's first democratic republic, symbolized Filipino aspirations for sovereignty.
- Conflict with US: Triggered Philippine-American War, US asserted control.
- Inspiration for Future Movements: Laid the groundwork for future independence efforts.
1935 Constitution
- Preamble: Filipino people established a government embodying their ideals, preserving the nation's patrimony, promoting general welfare, and securing independence.
- Background (Philippine-American War): US colonization of the Philippines (1898-1902) following the Treaty of Paris.
- Tydings-McDuffie Act (1934): Authorized drafting of a constitution and established a 10-year transitional Commonwealth period.
- Constitutional Convention (1934-1935): Representatives from across the Philippines convened, heavily influenced by American ideals.
- Key Figures: Claro M. Recto (president of convention) and Manuel Quezon.
- Government Structure: Modeled after US with an executive (President), legislative (Senate and House of Representatives), and judicial branches.
- Executive Power: Vested in the President, elected every 6 years.
- Ratification (May 14, 1935): Approved by majority of Filipino voters.
- Significance: Established Commonwealth of the Philippines, Manuel Quezon as President.
- Challenges: Japanese occupation (1942-1945), modifying terms of President and Vice-President and allowing re-election (1940).
- Post-War Revival: Restored in 1946, leading to full independence.
1973 Constitution
- Preamble: Filipino people established a government embodying their ideals, promoting general welfare, conserving the nation's patrimony, securing independence, and democracy under rule of law.
- Introduction to Federalism: President Marcos Jr. advocated for a federal system to improve national stability & decentralize power from Manila to other regions.
- Background: Introduced a modified parliamentary government under President Ferdinand E. Marcos.
- Ratification: Ratified by barangay assemblies (1973).
- System Shift: Transitioned from Presidential to a modified parliamentary system, with a prime minister assisting the president.
- Modified Parliamentary System (1973-1986): Close collaboration between executive and legislative branches, with the Batasang Pambansa as the legislative body.
1987 Constitution
- Preamble: Filipino people established a just and humane society under the rule of law.
- End of 1973 Charter: The People Power Revolution led to the 1987 Constitution under President Corazon Aquino.
- Restoration of Bicameral Congress (Senate and House of Representatives): Restored legislature
- New Governance Structure: Transitioned back to a presidential system with separate executive and legislative branches.
Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law of 1988 (Republic Act No. 6657)
- Purpose: Redistribute agricultural land to landless farmers and workers, to promote social justice, and industrialization.
- Land Redistribution: Public and private agricultural lands distributed to qualified beneficiaries (landless farmers & tenants).
- Beneficiaries: Farmers, agricultural workers, and regular farm laborers who till the land directly manage it.
- Support Services: Infrastructure, credit assistance, and training programs for beneficiaries.
- Retention Limits: Landowners allowed to retain up to 5 hectares and 3 hectares per child, who directly manages the land.
- Challenges: Resistance from landowners, administrative delays, and limited resources.
Taxation
- Concepts: Enforced proportional contribution by the state to support government, including raising revenue, regulating activities, and promoting welfare.
- Philippine History: Pre-colonial tributes, Spanish colonial "tributo" system, followed by "cedula personal."
- Legal Basis: Article VI, Section 28 of the Constitution mandates uniform and equitable taxation with a progressive system.
- Administrative Bodies: Bureau of Internal Revenue (BIR) for national taxes, local government units (LGUs) for local taxes.
- TRAIN Law (Republic Act No. 10963): Part of Comprehensive Tax Reform Program (CTRP), to simplify the tax system and make it fairer, improve revenue generation for government projects, and services.
- 2024 Tax Adjustments: Progressive tax system that continues the commitment to supporting low-income earners with exemption, while still taxing higher earners at a high rate.
Other Issues in the Philippines
- Natural Disasters: Typhoons, climate change impacts (deforestation, land degradation, water pollution), geographic isolation, and mountainous terrain as prominent factors.
- Social Issues: Sea level rise, volcanic activity, inadequate infrastructure, destructive fishing, plastic waste, poverty, traffic jams, inflation, and lack of resources in schools; corruption and unemployment are further pressing issues.
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Description
Explore the key aspects and historical significance of the 1899 Philippine Constitution. Learn about its establishment, main provisions, and the conflict with the United States that followed. This quiz covers the journey towards the first democratic republic in Asia and its importance in Filipino history.