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Questions and Answers
What is the primary characteristic of Type 1 Diabetes?
What is the primary characteristic of Type 1 Diabetes?
Which of the following is a common cause of hyperglycemia?
Which of the following is a common cause of hyperglycemia?
What are the 3 Ps associated with Diabetes Mellitus?
What are the 3 Ps associated with Diabetes Mellitus?
What typically occurs in women with Gestational Diabetes?
What typically occurs in women with Gestational Diabetes?
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Which statement about Type 2 Diabetes is correct?
Which statement about Type 2 Diabetes is correct?
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What is the primary action of Glucotrol, also known as glipizide?
What is the primary action of Glucotrol, also known as glipizide?
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Which potential side effect is associated with the use of Glucotrol?
Which potential side effect is associated with the use of Glucotrol?
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What should be monitored when a patient is taking Glucotrol?
What should be monitored when a patient is taking Glucotrol?
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In what dosage range is Glucotrol typically administered?
In what dosage range is Glucotrol typically administered?
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When should Glucotrol be taken for optimal effectiveness?
When should Glucotrol be taken for optimal effectiveness?
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What should a nurse's priority action be for a client reporting severe abdominal pain and nausea while taking sitagliptin?
What should a nurse's priority action be for a client reporting severe abdominal pain and nausea while taking sitagliptin?
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Why might a client require both rapid-acting insulin before meals and glargine insulin at bedtime?
Why might a client require both rapid-acting insulin before meals and glargine insulin at bedtime?
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Which condition makes a client most susceptible to lactic acidosis while taking metformin?
Which condition makes a client most susceptible to lactic acidosis while taking metformin?
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What may be a possible side effect of sitagliptin that a nurse should inform a client about?
What may be a possible side effect of sitagliptin that a nurse should inform a client about?
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What is the correct way to administer insulin glargine?
What is the correct way to administer insulin glargine?
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What is the recommended frequency of exercise for diabetic fitness?
What is the recommended frequency of exercise for diabetic fitness?
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What does a 'hot and dry' presentation indicate in relation to blood sugar levels?
What does a 'hot and dry' presentation indicate in relation to blood sugar levels?
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Which insulin administration practice can help avoid complications such as lipodystrophy?
Which insulin administration practice can help avoid complications such as lipodystrophy?
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What complication is a macrosomic newborn at high risk for?
What complication is a macrosomic newborn at high risk for?
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What is a key monitoring parameter for a newborn from a mother with gestational diabetes?
What is a key monitoring parameter for a newborn from a mother with gestational diabetes?
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What is the most direct action of metformin in Type 2 diabetes management?
What is the most direct action of metformin in Type 2 diabetes management?
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What is a typical characteristic of DKA in patients?
What is a typical characteristic of DKA in patients?
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Why is it important to test for microalbuminuria in diabetic patients?
Why is it important to test for microalbuminuria in diabetic patients?
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What is a common symptom of untreated diabetes?
What is a common symptom of untreated diabetes?
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Which mechanism leads to the complications associated with Type 2 diabetes?
Which mechanism leads to the complications associated with Type 2 diabetes?
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What management strategy can reverse Type 2 diabetes?
What management strategy can reverse Type 2 diabetes?
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Which dietary change is recommended for managing high blood glucose levels?
Which dietary change is recommended for managing high blood glucose levels?
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What is a critical monitoring aspect for individuals with diabetic nephropathy?
What is a critical monitoring aspect for individuals with diabetic nephropathy?
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What complication can arise from gestational diabetes?
What complication can arise from gestational diabetes?
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Which symptom is indicative of hypoglycemia?
Which symptom is indicative of hypoglycemia?
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What type of diabetes is primarily characterized by insulin resistance?
What type of diabetes is primarily characterized by insulin resistance?
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What is Kussmaul's respiration?
What is Kussmaul's respiration?
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Which lab value denotes a fasting blood sugar level indicative of diabetes?
Which lab value denotes a fasting blood sugar level indicative of diabetes?
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What is a common characteristic of diabetic neuropathy?
What is a common characteristic of diabetic neuropathy?
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Which medication type may be necessary for managing blood glucose in Type 2 diabetes?
Which medication type may be necessary for managing blood glucose in Type 2 diabetes?
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Complications of diabetes can include all of the following except:
Complications of diabetes can include all of the following except:
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What is the primary action of Ozempic?
What is the primary action of Ozempic?
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Which of the following is a potential side effect of Januvia?
Which of the following is a potential side effect of Januvia?
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When should very short-acting insulin be administered relative to a meal?
When should very short-acting insulin be administered relative to a meal?
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What defines a diabetes fasting glucose level?
What defines a diabetes fasting glucose level?
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What is the recommended duration of exercise per week for individuals managing diabetes?
What is the recommended duration of exercise per week for individuals managing diabetes?
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What mechanism limits the effectiveness of Januvia?
What mechanism limits the effectiveness of Januvia?
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Which insulin type has the longest duration of action?
Which insulin type has the longest duration of action?
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What should be monitored in patients taking Ozempic?
What should be monitored in patients taking Ozempic?
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What is a common side effect of very short-acting insulins?
What is a common side effect of very short-acting insulins?
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What best describes the action of glucagon?
What best describes the action of glucagon?
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What is an indication of pancreatitis in a patient using glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonists?
What is an indication of pancreatitis in a patient using glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonists?
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What impact does Ozempic have on gastric emptying?
What impact does Ozempic have on gastric emptying?
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What is a potential outcome of poor blood glucose control?
What is a potential outcome of poor blood glucose control?
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What is a characteristic of DPP-4 inhibitors like Januvia?
What is a characteristic of DPP-4 inhibitors like Januvia?
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Study Notes
1500 Exam 5 - Metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus: A group of metabolic diseases. Insulin secretion or action defects cause hyperglycemia. Causes blindness, kidney failure, heart attack, stroke, and cognitive decline. Leading cause of limb amputation in the US. Characterized by the 3 Ps: Polyphagia (excessive hunger), Polydipsia (excessive thirst), and Polyuria (excessive urination). Blood sugar controlled by the pancreas. Glucagon stored in the islets of Langerhans and released when glucose is used up. Hyperglycemia results when glucose cannot enter body cells.
Type 1 Diabetes (IDDM)
- Cause: Destruction of beta cells in the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. The pancreas cannot produce insulin. Insulin must be injected. Onset often in childhood, but can occur in adults. Only about 5% of people with diabetes have type 1. Can be caused by autoimmune response after viruses or certain drugs.
Type 2 Diabetes (NIDDM)
- Cause: Insulin resistance in tissues. 95% of people with diabetes have type 2. Oral medications can boost insulin production or decrease tissue resistance. Eventually, the pancreas wears out, leading to insulin injections.
Gestational Diabetes (GDM)
- Cause: Occurs in about 1 in 10 pregnancies, especially in women at risk for type 2 diabetes. Extra metabolic demands of pregnancy trigger the condition, beginning about halfway through pregnancy (20-24 weeks). Usually resolves after delivery. Complications include macrosomic (large) babies.
Metabolic Syndrome
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Characteristics (table on page 2) Rapid onset, usually lean, young, thin. Ketoacidosis, uncontrolled production of ketone bodies causing metabolic acidosis, immediate hospitalization. Autoimmune disorder. FBS over 126 mg/dL; Kussmaul's respirations (rapid respirations). Peak diagnosis about 10 to 15 years old. Untreated can lead to complications.
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Causes (table on page 2) Destruction of beta cells in the islets of Langerhans of pancreas that can be triggered by autoimmune reactions.
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Management (table on page 2) Diet, exercise, insulin. Teach to monitor blood glucose levels regularly. Adjust insulin doses based on carbohydrate intake. Educate on risks of DKA and early signs. Educate on insulin types, injection techniques, and timing/site rotation to avoid lipodystrophy. Teach dietary management of the impact of carbs on blood glucose and portion control.
Complications of Diabetes
- Table on page 3, 4, 5, 6 and various other tables detail specific symptoms, causes, blood measurements, and management of different types and complications.
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Description
This quiz covers key concepts related to metabolism, focusing on Diabetes Mellitus and its types. It discusses the causes, symptoms, and complications associated with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. Understand the physiological role of insulin and the impact of diabetes on health.
