1500 Exam 5 - Metabolism: Diabetes Overview
50 Questions
1 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the primary characteristic of Type 1 Diabetes?

  • Increased insulin production by the pancreas
  • Insulin resistance in body tissues
  • High blood sugar control through diet alone
  • Destruction of beta cells in the pancreas (correct)

Which of the following is a common cause of hyperglycemia?

  • Insulin injection
  • Glucose entering body cells
  • Decreased appetite
  • Defects in insulin secretion or action (correct)

What are the 3 Ps associated with Diabetes Mellitus?

  • Pneumonia, Polydipsia, Polytrauma
  • Phase 1, Phase 2, Phase 3
  • Polyphagia, Polydipsia, Polyuria (correct)
  • Pneumothorax, Polycythemia, Paresthesia

What typically occurs in women with Gestational Diabetes?

<p>Insulin resistance caused by pregnancy's metabolic demands (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about Type 2 Diabetes is correct?

<p>Oral medications typically help manage it initially. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of Glucotrol, also known as glipizide?

<p>It stimulates insulin release from the pancreas. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which potential side effect is associated with the use of Glucotrol?

<p>Hypoglycemia. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be monitored when a patient is taking Glucotrol?

<p>Signs of hypoglycemia. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what dosage range is Glucotrol typically administered?

<p>2.5-20 mg daily. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When should Glucotrol be taken for optimal effectiveness?

<p>30 minutes before meals. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should a nurse's priority action be for a client reporting severe abdominal pain and nausea while taking sitagliptin?

<p>Assess for signs of pancreatitis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might a client require both rapid-acting insulin before meals and glargine insulin at bedtime?

<p>The glargine insulin provides a steady level of insulin throughout the day and night. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition makes a client most susceptible to lactic acidosis while taking metformin?

<p>A client with renal insufficiency and a GFR of 30 mL/min. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What may be a possible side effect of sitagliptin that a nurse should inform a client about?

<p>You may experience weight loss as a side effect. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct way to administer insulin glargine?

<p>It should be taken without regard to meals. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended frequency of exercise for diabetic fitness?

<p>3 to 4 times per week (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a 'hot and dry' presentation indicate in relation to blood sugar levels?

<p>Blood sugar is high (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which insulin administration practice can help avoid complications such as lipodystrophy?

<p>Rotating injection sites regularly (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What complication is a macrosomic newborn at high risk for?

<p>Respiratory distress syndrome (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key monitoring parameter for a newborn from a mother with gestational diabetes?

<p>Blood glucose levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most direct action of metformin in Type 2 diabetes management?

<p>It decreases glucose production in the liver (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a typical characteristic of DKA in patients?

<p>Electrolyte imbalance with increased potassium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to test for microalbuminuria in diabetic patients?

<p>It signifies the onset of kidney problems (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of untreated diabetes?

<p>Increased thirst (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism leads to the complications associated with Type 2 diabetes?

<p>Insulin resistance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What management strategy can reverse Type 2 diabetes?

<p>Lifestyle management (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which dietary change is recommended for managing high blood glucose levels?

<p>Reduced carbohydrate portions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical monitoring aspect for individuals with diabetic nephropathy?

<p>Monitoring protein levels in urine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What complication can arise from gestational diabetes?

<p>Large-for-gestational-age (LGA) infants (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is indicative of hypoglycemia?

<p>Shakiness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of diabetes is primarily characterized by insulin resistance?

<p>Type 2 diabetes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Kussmaul's respiration?

<p>Rapid deep breathing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which lab value denotes a fasting blood sugar level indicative of diabetes?

<p>FBS &gt; 126 mg/dL (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of diabetic neuropathy?

<p>Reduced ability to feel pain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication type may be necessary for managing blood glucose in Type 2 diabetes?

<p>Oral hypoglycemic agents (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Complications of diabetes can include all of the following except:

<p>Increased insulin sensitivity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of Ozempic?

<p>Increases insulin secretion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential side effect of Januvia?

<p>Upper respiratory infections (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When should very short-acting insulin be administered relative to a meal?

<p>Not more than 30 minutes before the meal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a diabetes fasting glucose level?

<p>126 mg/dL or higher (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended duration of exercise per week for individuals managing diabetes?

<p>150 minutes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism limits the effectiveness of Januvia?

<p>Requires high glucose levels to function (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which insulin type has the longest duration of action?

<p>Basal/Long-acting (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be monitored in patients taking Ozempic?

<p>GI symptoms and signs of pancreatitis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common side effect of very short-acting insulins?

<p>Risk of hypoglycemia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the action of glucagon?

<p>Stimulates gluconeogenesis and increases blood glucose levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an indication of pancreatitis in a patient using glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonists?

<p>Nausea and vomiting (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact does Ozempic have on gastric emptying?

<p>Slows gastric emptying (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential outcome of poor blood glucose control?

<p>Damage to organs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of DPP-4 inhibitors like Januvia?

<p>They enhance insulin release when glucose levels are high (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Diabetes Mellitus

A group of metabolic diseases causing high blood sugar due to problems with insulin secretion or action.

Type 1 Diabetes

Caused by the destruction of insulin-producing cells in the pancreas, requiring insulin injections.

Type 2 Diabetes

A condition where the body's tissues don't respond properly to insulin, often leading to needing insulin injections later.

Gestational Diabetes

High blood sugar that develops during pregnancy, usually resolves after childbirth.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hyperglycemia

High blood sugar levels in the blood, a hallmark of various forms of diabetes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Glucotrol (glipizide)

A medication used to treat type 2 diabetes. It stimulates the pancreas to release more insulin, helping to lower blood sugar levels.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Dosage of Glucotrol

The usual dose of Glucotrol is 2.5-20 mg taken once a day.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Side effects of Glucotrol

Common side effects of Glucotrol include hypoglycemia (low blood sugar), nausea, and weight gain.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Monitoring for hypoglycemia

It's important to monitor for hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) while taking Glucotrol.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Taking Glucotrol before meals

Glucotrol is most effective when taken 30 minutes before meals.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are the risks of untreated type 1 diabetes?

Untreated type 1 diabetes can lead to coma or death due to a buildup of glucose in the blood, leading to complications like diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA).

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are the common symptoms of type 2 diabetes?

Type 2 diabetes often has slow onset and may include symptoms like increased thirst, frequent urination, weight loss, blurred vision, and slow-healing wounds.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are the major risk factors for type 2 diabetes?

Risk factors include obesity, family history, sedentary lifestyle, unhealthy diet, and certain genetic predispositions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are the complications of gestational diabetes?

Gestational diabetes can lead to complications for both mother and baby, including diabetic retinopathy, pre-eclampsia, preterm birth, large-for-gestational-age babies, and increased risk of type 2 diabetes later in life.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are the key features of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?

DKA is a dangerous complication of diabetes characterized by high blood sugar, ketones in the urine, and acidic blood. Symptoms include nausea, abdominal pain, fruity breath, rapid breathing (Kussmaul's respiration), and coma.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is hypoglycemia and how is it treated?

Hypoglycemia is low blood sugar, often caused by too much insulin, not enough sugar, exercise, or delayed meals. It's treated with 15-20 grams of fast-acting carbs, such as fruit juice or glucose tablets.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are the common signs and symptoms of diabetic neuropathy?

Diabetic neuropathy is nerve damage caused by high blood sugar. It can lead to numbness, tingling, pain, weakness, and loss of sensation, particularly in the feet.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are the goals of diabetic neuropathy management?

Management focuses on preventing foot injuries, promoting blood flow, and managing underlying complications.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is diabetic nephropathy and how is it diagnosed?

Diabetic nephropathy is kidney damage caused by high blood sugar. It is diagnosed by monitoring urine for protein, conducting a 24-hour creatinine clearance test, and checking blood pressure.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are the key features of metabolic syndrome?

Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of risk factors that increases the risk of heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes. It includes abdominal obesity, high blood sugar, high blood pressure, and high levels of bad cholesterol.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is glomerulosclerosis and what are its causes?

Glomerulosclerosis is scarring of the filters in the kidneys, often caused by high blood sugar, autoimmune diseases, and infections.

Signup and view all the flashcards

How is glomerulosclerosis managed?

Management focuses on slowing the progression of the disease and preventing further damage. It includes lifestyle modifications, medications, dialysis, and potential kidney transplant.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Sliding Scale Insulin

A system of administering insulin dosages based on specific blood glucose readings.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Basal Bolus Insulin

A combination of long-acting insulin (basal) for constant background control and fast-acting insulin (bolus) for mealtime coverage.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Microalbuminuria

The presence of small amounts of albumin in the urine, indicating early signs of kidney damage.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Diabetic Fitness (FIT)

A fitness regimen for diabetic patients, focusing on Frequency (3-4 times/week), Intensity (60-80% of max heart rate), and Time (30 minutes).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hot and Dry: Sugar High

Symptoms of hyperglycemia (high blood sugar), including hot, flushed skin, dry mouth, and thirst.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cold and Clammy: Need Some Candy

Symptoms of hypoglycemia (low blood sugar), including cold, clammy skin, confusion, and weakness.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Glomerulosclerosis & HTN in Diabetes

High blood pressure and glomerulosclerosis (scarring of kidney filter) can damage the kidneys, leading to complications in diabetic patients.

Signup and view all the flashcards

DKA (Diabetic Ketoacidosis)

A serious complication where the body produces ketones (acids) due to lack of insulin, causing metabolic acidosis (body becoming acidic), dehydration, rapid breathing (Kussmaul's respirations), and potentially coma.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Januvia (sitagliptin)

A medication used to help control blood sugar levels in people with type 2 diabetes. It works by increasing the amount of insulin your body makes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Severe Abdominal Pain & Nausea with Januvia (sitagliptin)

A serious side effect of sitagliptin that could indicate pancreatitis, an inflammation of the pancreas.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Rapid-Acting Insulin

Insulin that starts working quickly, usually within 15 minutes, and helps lower blood sugar levels before and after meals.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Glargine Insulin (Long-Acting)

Insulin that provides a steady level of insulin throughout the day and night, helping to keep blood sugar levels stable.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Lactic Acidosis Risk with Metformin

A serious complication that can occur with metformin, especially in people with kidney problems (reduced GFR) or impaired liver function.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Ozempic

A medication used to treat type 2 diabetes and weight loss. It is a GLP-1 receptor agonist that increases insulin secretion, decreases glucagon release, and slows gastric emptying.

Signup and view all the flashcards

GLP-1 Receptor Agonist

A type of medication that mimics the action of GLP-1, a hormone that regulates insulin and glucagon release and slows gastric emptying. GLP-1 agonists are used to treat type 2 diabetes and weight loss.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Januvia

A medication used to treat type 2 diabetes. It is a DPP-4 inhibitor that increases insulin release and decreases glucagon release.

Signup and view all the flashcards

DPP-4 Inhibitor

A type of medication that blocks the action of DPP-4, an enzyme that breaks down GLP-1. DPP-4 inhibitors increase insulin release and decrease glucagon release, helping to control blood sugar.

Signup and view all the flashcards

How does Ozempic work?

Ozempic, a GLP-1 receptor agonist, increases insulin secretion, decreases glucagon release, and slows gastric emptying. It does so by mimicking the action of the GLP-1 hormone.

Signup and view all the flashcards

How does Januvia work?

Januvia, a DPP-4 inhibitor, increases insulin release and decreases glucagon release. It does so by inhibiting the enzyme DPP-4, which normally breaks down GLP-1.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is the dosage of Ozempic?

The typical dosage of Ozempic is 0.25-1 mg given once a week.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is the dosage of Januvia?

The typical dosage of Januvia is 100 mg given once a day.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are some side effects of Ozempic?

Common side effects of Ozempic include gastrointestinal upset (GI), such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and constipation. It can also cause pancreatitis.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are some side effects of Januvia?

Common side effects of Januvia include upper respiratory infections, headaches, allergic reactions, and pancreatitis.

Signup and view all the flashcards

How to monitor patients on Ozempic?

Monitor patients on Ozempic for GI symptoms, signs of pancreatitis, and assess for signs of hypoglycemia. Educate about proper injection technique to ensure effective administration.

Signup and view all the flashcards

How to monitor patients on Januvia?

Monitor patients on Januvia for renal function, assess for signs of pancreatitis or hypoglycemia, and educate about taking the medication once daily.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Why is it important to educate patients on Ozempic about gastric emptying?

Ozempic slows gastric emptying, which can affect absorption of oral medications. This is important for patients to understand so they take their medications accordingly.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Why is it important to educate patients on Januvia about its mechanism of action?

Januvia is only effective when glucose is high, so it doesn't cause hypoglycemia. This is important for patients to understand so they don't worry about low blood sugar.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Insulin types: Rapid-acting

Rapid-acting insulins start working quickly (5-20 minutes) and have a short duration of action (2-5 hours). They are typically taken just before a meal.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Insulin types: Short-acting

Short-acting insulins start working slower (30 minutes) than rapid-acting insulins and have a longer duration of action (5-8 hours). They are typically taken 30 minutes before a meal.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Insulin types: Intermediate-acting

Intermediate-acting insulins start working 1-2 hours after injection and have a duration of action of 18-26 hours. They are typically taken 30 minutes before a meal.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Insulin types: Long-acting

Long-acting insulins, also known as basal insulin, start working 1-2 hours after injection and have a duration of action of up to 24 hours. They are typically taken once a day at the same time.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

1500 Exam 5 - Metabolism

  • Diabetes Mellitus: A group of metabolic diseases. Insulin secretion or action defects cause hyperglycemia. Causes blindness, kidney failure, heart attack, stroke, and cognitive decline. Leading cause of limb amputation in the US. Characterized by the 3 Ps: Polyphagia (excessive hunger), Polydipsia (excessive thirst), and Polyuria (excessive urination). Blood sugar controlled by the pancreas. Glucagon stored in the islets of Langerhans and released when glucose is used up. Hyperglycemia results when glucose cannot enter body cells.

Type 1 Diabetes (IDDM)

  • Cause: Destruction of beta cells in the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. The pancreas cannot produce insulin. Insulin must be injected. Onset often in childhood, but can occur in adults. Only about 5% of people with diabetes have type 1. Can be caused by autoimmune response after viruses or certain drugs.

Type 2 Diabetes (NIDDM)

  • Cause: Insulin resistance in tissues. 95% of people with diabetes have type 2. Oral medications can boost insulin production or decrease tissue resistance. Eventually, the pancreas wears out, leading to insulin injections.

Gestational Diabetes (GDM)

  • Cause: Occurs in about 1 in 10 pregnancies, especially in women at risk for type 2 diabetes. Extra metabolic demands of pregnancy trigger the condition, beginning about halfway through pregnancy (20-24 weeks). Usually resolves after delivery. Complications include macrosomic (large) babies.

Metabolic Syndrome

  • Characteristics (table on page 2) Rapid onset, usually lean, young, thin. Ketoacidosis, uncontrolled production of ketone bodies causing metabolic acidosis, immediate hospitalization. Autoimmune disorder. FBS over 126 mg/dL; Kussmaul's respirations (rapid respirations). Peak diagnosis about 10 to 15 years old. Untreated can lead to complications.

  • Causes (table on page 2) Destruction of beta cells in the islets of Langerhans of pancreas that can be triggered by autoimmune reactions.

  • Management (table on page 2) Diet, exercise, insulin. Teach to monitor blood glucose levels regularly. Adjust insulin doses based on carbohydrate intake. Educate on risks of DKA and early signs. Educate on insulin types, injection techniques, and timing/site rotation to avoid lipodystrophy. Teach dietary management of the impact of carbs on blood glucose and portion control.

Complications of Diabetes

  • Table on page 3, 4, 5, 6 and various other tables detail specific symptoms, causes, blood measurements, and management of different types and complications.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

1500 Exam 5 Masterlist PDF

Description

This quiz covers key concepts related to metabolism, focusing on Diabetes Mellitus and its types. It discusses the causes, symptoms, and complications associated with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. Understand the physiological role of insulin and the impact of diabetes on health.

More Like This

Metabolismo y Diabetes Mellitus
14 questions

Metabolismo y Diabetes Mellitus

IngenuousDouglasFir avatar
IngenuousDouglasFir
Metabolismo y Diabetes Mellitus
16 questions

Metabolismo y Diabetes Mellitus

PlentifulCitrine9955 avatar
PlentifulCitrine9955
Diabetes Medicina interna
5 questions

Diabetes Medicina interna

ReplaceableBigBen avatar
ReplaceableBigBen
Diabetes Mellitus Overview
18 questions

Diabetes Mellitus Overview

inspireeAcademy avatar
inspireeAcademy
Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser