Water lec 1 foundation

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Questions and Answers

What property of water allows it to dissolve a wide range of substances?

High boiling point

Low viscosity

Dipolar structure (correct)

High surface tension

Which statement correctly describes the hydrogen bonds in water?

One hydrogen bond holds water molecules together weakly. (correct)

Hydrogen bonds in water are stronger than covalent bonds.

Each water molecule can form a maximum of 6 hydrogen bonds.

Hydrogen bonds do not play a significant role in water's properties.

What results from the asymmetrical distribution of electrical charge in water molecules?

Polar nature of water (correct)

High heat of vaporization

Water's neutrality

Hydrophobic interactions

How many hydrogen bonds can each water molecule ideally form?

4 Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of water's cohesive behavior?

Generation of surface tension Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic of water is primarily responsible for its high heat of vaporization?

Strong hydrogen bonds Signup and view all the answers

What happens to water when it freezes due to its hydrogen bonding?

It expands and becomes less dense. Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of water's ability to dissociate into hydroxide ions and protons?

Water's role as a universal solvent Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic of water is primarily responsible for its ability to act as a solvent?

Polarity Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the physical state of water under normal atmospheric pressure when it reaches 100 degrees Celsius?

It evaporates into vapor. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following mixtures is characterized by particles that do not dissolve but separate into tiny pieces?

Suspension Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of water's high dielectric constant in chemical reactions?

It facilitates ionic dissociation. Signup and view all the answers

Which property of water allows it to resist changes in pH?

Buffer capacity Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes substances that are repelled by water and cannot dissolve in it?

Hydrophobic Signup and view all the answers

What process does water undergo when it self-ionizes?

Autoionization Signup and view all the answers

Which physical property of water is crucial for climate regulation?

Specific heat Signup and view all the answers

What causes water to have the ability to climb structures through capillary action?

The presence of hydrogen bonds Signup and view all the answers

Why does ice float on water?

Ice has stable hydrogen bonds that make it less dense Signup and view all the answers

How does high specific heat benefit aquatic environments?

It stabilizes temperature fluctuations Signup and view all the answers

What is the measure of energy required to change water from liquid to gas known as?

High heat of vaporization Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best explains the insulating property of ice?

Floating ice prevents heat loss from the water below Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean for water to be an 'universal solvent'?

It efficiently dissolves ionic and polar substances Signup and view all the answers

What effect does water's high specific heat have on weather patterns in cities?

Cities tend to have milder temperatures than inland areas Signup and view all the answers

What structural characteristic of frozen water contributes to its lower density compared to liquid water?

Frozen water forms a stable arrangement with large spaces Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary roles of water in digestion?

Converts food to components needed for survival Signup and view all the answers

Which function of water provides protection to vital organs?

Acting as a shock absorber Signup and view all the answers

What is one effect of dehydration as indicated in the rehydration diagram?

Short-term inhibition of thirst Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of water in the human body?

Forms enzymes Signup and view all the answers

How does water assist in regulating body temperature?

By evaporation through sweating Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of increased blood osmolarity as per the dehydration process?

Increased thirst perception Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by an excess of water in the body?

Hypervolemia Signup and view all the answers

What is one way water contributes to joint health?

Serves as a lubricant Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of water enables it to dissolve many compounds effectively?

Its polarity Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following properties of water is primarily responsible for allowing some insects to walk on its surface?

Cohesion Signup and view all the answers

In the context of nucleophilic attacks, which ion characterizes water?

Electron-rich Signup and view all the answers

What result occurs from the nucleophilic attack by water on biopolymer bonds?

Hydrolysis of the bonds Signup and view all the answers

What defines a hydrophilic substance in relation to water?

Substances that bond with water molecules Signup and view all the answers

Why does water have a higher boiling point compared to other similar-sized molecules?

Due to hydrogen bonding Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon occurs due to adhesion in water molecules?

Capillary action Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Properties of Water

Polarity: Water's ability to dissolve a wide range of substances is due to its polarity.
Hydrogen Bonds: Water molecules have a slightly negatively charged oxygen atom and slightly positively charged hydrogen atoms. These opposite charges create a dipole moment, leading to hydrogen bonds, which are weak electrostatic attractions between water molecules.
Asymmetry: Water molecules are asymmetrically shaped, with the oxygen atom being tilted towards one side. This asymmetrical distribution of electrical charge creates a partial negative charge on the oxygen side and a partial positive charge on the hydrogen side.
Hydrogen Bonding: Each water molecule can ideally form four hydrogen bonds, maximizing its interaction with other water molecules.
Cohesive Behavior: Water molecules are attracted to each other by hydrogen bonds, resulting in strong cohesion, responsible for surface tension and allowing water to form droplets.
Heat of Vaporization: Water's high heat of vaporization is due to the hydrogen bonds that must be broken to vaporize water. This allows water to absorb a significant amount of heat, enabling its role in regulating temperature.
Freezing: When water freezes, its hydrogen bonds create a crystalline structure with larger spaces between the molecules compared to liquid water, leading to a lower density. This is why ice floats.
Dissociation: Water dissociates into hydroxide ions (OH-) and protons (H+), which contribute to its pH and its ability to act as an acid or base.
Solvent Properties: The polarity and hydrogen bonding properties of water enable it to act as a solvent, dissolving many ionic compounds and polar molecules.
Boiling Point: Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius under normal atmospheric pressure.
Mixtures: Suspensions are characterized by particles that do not dissolve but separate into tiny pieces.
High Dielectric Constant: Water's high dielectric constant allows it to reduce the force of attraction between ions, facilitating the dissociation of ionic compounds in solution.
Buffering Capacity: The ability of water to resist changes in pH is due to its capacity to act as a buffer, absorbing excess acids or bases.
Hydrophobic: Substances repelled by water and cannot dissolve in it are called hydrophobic.
Self-ionization: Water undergoes self-ionization, where a small fraction of water molecules dissociate into hydroxide ions (OH–) and hydronium ions (H3O+), contributing to its amphoteric nature.
Heat Capacity: Water's high specific heat capacity is crucial for climate regulation, as it moderates temperature fluctuations, preventing extreme temperature changes.
Capillary Action: The adhesion of water molecules to the walls of narrow tubes or porous materials due to hydrogen bonding causes water to rise in those structures, a phenomenon called capillary action.
Density of Ice: Ice floats on water due to its crystalline structure, which has larger spaces between molecules compared to liquid water, making it less dense.
Aquatic Environments: Water's high specific heat capacity benefits aquatic environments by providing a stable temperature and moderating temperature fluctuations.
Heat of Vaporization: The measure of energy required to change water from liquid to gas is known as the heat of vaporization.
Insulating Property of Ice: Ice's insulating property is attributed to its crystalline structure with open spaces that trap air, reducing heat conduction.
Universal Solvent: Water is often called the universal solvent due to its ability to dissolve a wide range of substances thanks to its polarity and hydrogen bonding.
Weather Patterns: City weather patterns are influenced by water's high specific heat, as urban areas can experience higher temperatures due to heat absorption and retention by bodies of water and buildings.
Water Structure: The open and crystalline structure of frozen water contributes to its lower density compared to liquid water.
Digestion: Water plays a crucial role in digestion by dissolving food and facilitating the breakdown of nutrients.
Protection: Water helps protect vital organs by providing cushioning and lubrication.
Dehydration: Water deficiency can lead to various physiological disturbances including reduced blood volume, increased blood osmolarity, and decreased urine production.
Functions of Water: Water is vital for numerous functions in the human body, including transportation of nutrients and waste, regulation of body temperature, and lubrication of joints.
Temperature Regulation: Water aids in regulating body temperature by absorbing excess heat through sweating and releasing it through evaporative cooling.
Increased Blood Osmolarity: Increased blood osmolarity, a consequence of dehydration, triggers thirst and stimulates water intake to maintain fluid balance.
Water Excess: Excess water in the body can lead to hyponatremia, a condition characterized by low sodium levels in the blood.
Joint Health: Water contributes to joint health by providing lubrication and shock absorption, reducing friction and wear.
Dissolving Power: Water's effectiveness as a solvent is due to its polarity and ability to form hydrogen bonds with dissolved substances.
Surface Tension: Surface tension, a property of water, allows some insects to walk on its surface due to the cohesive forces between water molecules.
Nucleophilic Attack: In nucleophilic attacks, water acts as a nucleophile, characterized by its hydroxide ion (OH-), attacking electrophilic sites in biopolymers, disrupting bonds.
Hydrophilic: Hydrophilic substances are attracted to water due to their polarity and ability to form hydrogen bonds.
Boiling Point: Water's higher boiling point compared to other similar-sized molecules is attributed to the strong hydrogen bonds that need to be broken for vaporization.
Adhesion: Adhesion in water molecules, their attraction to other substances, contributes to capillary action and the ability of water to climb structures.

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