12th Grade General Biology: Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells

Study Notes

Prokaryotic cells are single-celled organisms also known as prokaryotes, primarily bacteria.
Eukaryotic cells are multicellular and include organisms like plants and animals.

Lack membrane-bound organelles, including a defined nucleus.
Typically haploid with a single circular chromosome located in the nucleoid.
Reproduction occurs through binary fission or budding.
Organelles like ribosomes are found; ribosomes synthesize proteins essential for cellular function.

Flagella: Used for movement.
Cytoplasm: Jelly-like substance that suspends organelles, contains cytosol.
Plasmid: Circular DNA molecule involved in genetic information transfer; serves as a vector to introduce foreign DNA.
Cell Wall: Composed of peptidoglycan; maintains shape and protects against damage.
Cell/Plasma Membrane: Regulates entry and exit of substances; provides boundary from the environment.
Capsule: Surrounds the cell wall; aids in adherence and prevents dehydration.
Pili: Hair-like appendages that assist in sticking to surfaces.

Unicellular Organisms: Include bacteria, certain protists, and some fungi; can perform all life functions within a single cell.
Multicellular Organisms: Include animals and plants that consist of multiple cells to perform complex functions.

Eukaryotic cells possess membrane-bound organelles, including a nucleus, mitochondria, and Golgi apparatus.
Typically diploid, having two sets of chromosomes inherited from each parent.
Reproduction occurs through gamete fusion; somatic cells are examples of diploid cells.
Organisms may include algae and plants, which contain chloroplasts for photosynthesis.

Prokaryotes are generally microscopic and primarily single-celled, while eukaryotes can be macroscopic and often multicellular.
Prokaryotes have nonmembrane-bound structures; eukaryotes feature complex organelle systems with membranes.
Prokaryotic cells often reproduce asexually, while eukaryotic cells typically undergo sexual reproduction.

Gametes (egg and sperm cells) in humans are haploid and produced in testes and ovaries.
Somatic cells, which are diploid, originate through mitotic division, resulting in growth and tissue repair.