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Communication Processes, Principles & Ethics

• Communication involves verbal and non-verbal elements in multicultural contexts.
• Cultural and global issues significantly affect communication.

Communication Processes

• Communication types are categorized by mode (verbal, non-verbal, visual) and context.

Communication Types by Context

• Intrapersonal Communication:
  • Involves talking to oneself, also known as self-talk, inner monologue, or inner dialogue.
  • Psychologists also label this as self-verbalization or self-statement.
• Interpersonal Communication:
  • Interactive exchange between individuals.
  • Involves simple interactions such as greetings and conversations.
  • Occurs in dyads or small groups, maintaining social relationships.
  • Becomes transactional when the objective is to achieve and resolve something.
• Extended Communication:
  • Uses traditional media (television, radio) and modern technology (tele-, audio-, video-conferencing, online apps).
  • Allows participation in meetings or conferences from remote locations.
• Organizational Communication:
  • Occurs in organizational contexts with a specific system of communication.
  • Requires employees to have good oral and written communication skills.

Organizational Structure

• Formal structure uses designated channels for communication flow with four approaches:
  • Downward: Communication from upper to lower positions (e.g., president to manager).
  • Upward: Subordinates send communication to superiors with feedback on policies and issues.
  • Horizontal: Communication among people at the same level from different departments to facilitate coordination.
  • Crosswise: Diagonal communication between employees from different units or departments at various levels.
• Informal communication (grapevine) comes from unofficial channels.
  • Messages are transmitted from different levels of the organization.
  • Occurs due to employee dissatisfaction and can spread rumors.
• Organizational culture dictates the behaviors employees should possess, impacting commitment.
  • It includes shared values, practices, vision, and mission.

Intercultural Communication

• Communication between people with different linguistic, religious, ethnic, social, and professional backgrounds.
• Gender also affects communication since individuals interpret messages differently.
• Non-verbal cues vary significantly across cultures.
• Linguistic differences also play a crucial role.

Communication Types by Purpose and Style

• Formal Communication:
  • Employs formal language orally or in writing
  • Examples include lectures and business letters.
  • Aims to inform, entertain, or persuade.
• Informal Communication:
  • Does not employ formal language
  • Occurs in personal conversations with friends and family.

Communication Models

• Aristotle's Model:
  • Emphasizes three variables: speaker, speech, and audience.
  • Speaker adjusts speech based on audience profile (age, sex, background, etc.).
• Laswell's Communication Model:
  • Focuses on "Who says What in Which channel to Whom and What effect."
  • Communication starts with the communicator sending a message through a medium to a receiver with an effect.
• Shannon-Weaver's Communication Model:
  • Originally created for radio and television.
  • Includes information source, sender, encoder, channel, decoder, receiver, destination, and feedback.
• Berlo's Communication Model:
  • Consists of source, message, channel, and receiver (SMCR).
  • The source is the originator of a message and acts as the encoder.
  • Message includes content, elements, treatment, and structure.
  • Channel refers to different senses.
  • Receiver decodes the message.

Principles of Effective Communication

• Know your purpose (to inform, entertain, or persuade).
• Know your audience (consider age, background, culture, etc.).
• Know your topic to effectively share.
• Adjust your speech or writing to the situation's context.
• Work on feedback to improve communication skills.
• Effective communication includes being clear, complete, concise, natural, specific, and timely.

Principles of Effective Written Communication (7Cs)

• Clear: Be clear about your message, follow the purpose.
• Concise: Stick to the point.
• Concrete: Support claims with facts.
• Correct: Observe grammatical correctness.
• Coherent: Ideas are logically connected.
• Complete: Include all necessary information.
• Courteous: Tone should be friendly.

Ethics of Communication

• Establish an effective value system.
• Provide complete and accurate information.
• Disclose vital information appropriately.

Oxford English Dictionary definition of communication

• "The imparting, conveying, or exchange of ideas, knowledge and information".

The Five Ws

• Essential for all communication.

Key communication components and considerations include

• Who should be told
• When they should be told
• What clear messages should be conveyed
• Where the message should be conveyed
• Who should control the communication process.

McGuire’s Model

• Adds a further dimension to communication
• Consists of input factors (Source, Message, Channel, and Receiver)
• Output factors (Attention, Liking, Comprehension, Yielding, Remembering, and Action

Additional social and business interaction items include

• Use of language
• Behavior
• Other Symbols

Monroe's Motivated Sequence

• Useful reminder of the keys to persuasive speeches.
• Each is the same for both communication and action
• These include
  • Attention Step
  • Need Step
  • Illustration
  • Ramification Pointing
  • Satisfaction
  • Visualization Step
  • Action Step

Models of Communication

• Include advantages and disadvantages
• Such as
• One to one
• Cascade
• One to one endorsement within a group
• Round table management led consensus

Communication and Globalization

• Involves realities outside nation-states, impacting communication and global interactions.
• Globalization is facilitated with technology and transportation advancements.
• Aspects include economic integration, cultural assimilation, and international cooperation.
• Globalization has generated both poverty reduction and exacerbated wealth inequality.
• Organizations include:
  • Reuters
  • International Monetary Fund (IMF)
  • Paris Agreement on Climate Change
  • Oxfam