Module Unit 1: Purposive Communication PDF

Communication Processes, Principles & Ethics SYSTEMS PLUS COLLEGE FOUNDATION College of Arts and Social Sciences and Education CPC Purposive communication MODULE Unit 1 PREPARED BY: CONSUELO J. GREGORIO...

Communication Processes, Principles & Ethics SYSTEMS PLUS COLLEGE FOUNDATION College of Arts and Social Sciences and Education CPC Purposive communication MODULE Unit 1 PREPARED BY: CONSUELO J. GREGORIO 1  Communication Processes, Principles & Ethics 1. OBJECTIVES a. Describe the nature, elements, and functions of verbal and non-verbal communication in various and multicultural contexts b. Explain how cultural and global issues affect communication 2. DISCUSSION PROPER Module Unit 1: A. Communication processes, principles, and ethics 1. Communication processes a. Types of Communication according to mode 1. Verbal 2. Non-verbal 3. Visual b. Types of Communication according to context 1. Intrapersonal Communication The Latin prefix intra-means within or inside. Intrapersonal communication then means talking to oneself. Some label it as self or inner talk, inner monologue, or inner dialogue. Psychologists call it with other names such as self-verbalization or self-statement. Talking to oneself in different scenario could be reasonable like when you need to build confidence to deliver a talk. (self-talk, introspect) 2. Interpersonal Communication The Latin prefix inter-means between, among, and together. An interactive exchange takes place as interpersonal communication takes place. However, as it occurs, a transaction does not necessarily take place since it can only be a simple interaction such as greetings, getting to know a person, or ordinary conversations that happen between or among the interactants. This may occur in dyads or small groups, also known as group communication. It maintains social relationships. Transactional when the objective of the conversation is only to achieve and resolve something at the end. (See Activity 7) 3. Extended Communication It involves the traditional use of television and radio as electronics for media is now expanded to the use of tele, audio, or phone conferencing; video- conferencing; Skype calls; and other technological means. For example, linked by a telecommunication system, people who are far apart, or are far from the venue, can participate in a meeting or a conference. Like; zoom, google meet and other online apps. that influence and can persuade your views, and outlook to what actively can be observed live via engagement online. 4. Organizational Communication The focus on organizational communication plays in organizational contexts. It has individuals who work for the company. When you graduate, for example, you become a professional, either working for a company or putting up your own. A system of communication should be put in place for an organization to be successful. An individual must be equipped with the needed oral and written communication skills that the organization expects you to possess. 2 Communication Processes, Principles & Ethics There are two types of organizational structure: (1) Formal structure allows communication to take place via designated channels of message flow between positions in the organization. This makes use of four approaches: (1) downward communication is the type that flows from upper to lower positions, i.e., president to a manager or supervisor, a manager to an ordinary staff. The flow of communication is top-down or from a supervisor to a subordinate, usually asking certain individuals to perform a certain task. (2) upward communication is bottom-up in which subordinates send communication to their superiors/bosses hearing their views/feedback on organizational policies, issues related to their jobs, and the like. (3) horizontal communication is lateral in approach as it takes place among people belonging to the same level but coming from different departments or units to facilitate performance tasks through proper coordination. (4) crosswise communication is diagonal approach in nature as employees from different units or department working at various levels communicate with each other. Each of these communication approaches has its own advantages and disadvantages. Note that these structures are usually presented in the company’s organizational chart and policy manuals. (2) Informal communication, on the other hand, comes from unofficial channels of message flow. Also known as ‘grapevine,’ messages coming from the different levels of the organization are transmitted. This occurs due to the dissatisfaction of some employees accompanied by uncertainty, such as superiors playing favorites and unfavorable or unacceptable company rules and regulations. Some employees even resort to baseless gossips and rumors which they spread like wild fire. Tracing the origin of a rumor is almost next to impossible. In fact, when some people are confronted, they impute the blame to others so they can get out of the mess quickly. ‘Organizational culture’ is of utmost significance since it will dictate the kind of behavior that employees should possess as well as the extent of commitment expected from them by the organization. They all share in the values, practices, vision, and mission of the organization. 3 Communication Processes, Principles & Ethics Peter Drucker’s famous quote, “Company cultures are like country cultures. Never try to change one. Try instead, to work, with what you’ve got,” underscore the view that indeed, culture is within the control of the entrepreneur or company owner. If at the outset, you think you cannot adapt to that organization’s culture, better look for another job or workplace where you will be happy and in harmony with your superiors and colleagues. 5. Intercultural Communication It is communication between or among people having different linguistic, religious, ethnic, social, and professional backgrounds. Even gender difference affects communication. Individuals having different orientations communicate and interpret messages differently. This particularly happens with non-verbal communication. For instance. Australians consider eye contact as important in assessing the sincerity of a person while for Indians, looking straight into the eyes of a person while talking is inappropriate. This does not, however, mean that they are dishonest or insincere. Moreover. Indians interpret waving of hands from side to side as no or go away while it means hello among Westerners. For Filipinos twitching lips means to refer to something or someone. When someone asks: “Where is the book? Instead of responding “There it is,” the response may be twitching or puckering lips. When seen by people from other cultures, such facial expression may be taken to mean as “seduction.” It is important then not to be judge mental or to rush into interpretation as cultures sometimes vary enormously. Similarly, linguistic differences are of the essence. With the advent of World Englishes, different cultures develop different lexicon peculiar to speech community. In the Philippines a local variety of English called Philippine English has been developed which has introduced lexical innovation not found or used in other varieties, such as thrice, batchmates, CR, (comfort room), solons, barangay captain, and high blood. Even in terms of pronunciation, words are pronounced in the Philippines differently by Filipinos, which, to some, are considered erroneous. For instance, these supposedly pronounced with a hard /th/ represented with a /ծ/ is pronounced instead with a /d/ the average Filipino since hard /th/ is not part of the Filipino phonology. c. Types of Communication according to purpose and style 1. Formal communication employs formal language delivered orally or in written form. Lectures, and business letters, among others are all considered formal situations and writings. Note that while lectures and speeches are delivered orally, the texts have been thought out carefully and written well before they are delivered. To inform, to entertain, and to persuade are the main objectives of this type of communication. 2. Informal communication certainly does not employ formal language. It involves personal and ordinary conversations with friends, family members, or acquaintances about anything under the sun. The mode may be oral as in the face-to-face, ordinary or everyday talks and phone calls, or written as in 4 Communication Processes, Principles & Ethics the case of e-mail messages, personal notes, letters, or text messages. The purpose is simply to socialize and enhance relationships. d. Communication Models 1. Aristotle’s Communication Model Classical rhetoric dates back to ancient Greece during the time of Plato, Aristotle, and the Greek Sophists who were great rhetoricians. Effective public speaking was an important consideration in the study of communication. They were good at argumentation and debate and speech was characterized by repartee. Aristotle emphasized that there are three variables in the communication process: speaker, speech, and audience as illustrated in the communication flow below: Note that the speaker variable here is very important. Without the speaker, there will be no speech to be produced. Depending on the profile of the audience, the speaker adjusts his/her speech. Some considerations for the audience demographics are age, sex, background, culture, race, religion, gender, social and economic status, and political orientation or inclination, among others. Even beliefs, views, and attitudes also play an important role when talking about audience consideration since oftentimes, the audience bring these with them when they decode a message in any given situation. 2. Laswell’s Communication Model In 1948, Harold Dwight Laswell described communication as being focused on the following Ws: Who says What in Which channel to Whom and What effect as seen in the model below: (Message) (Receiver) (Communicator) (Medium) (Effect The whole process of communication begins with the communicator (who) sending out a message (what) using a medium (in which channel) for a receiver (to whom) experiencing an effect (which what effect) afterwards. The process may be analyzed through the content sent, the medium used, as well as the effect on the recipient of the message. 5 Communication Processes, Principles & Ethics 3. Shannon-Weaver’s Communication Model Claude Elwood Shannon and Warren Weaver’s model of communication was introduced in 1949, a year after Laswell’s, for Bell Laboratories. Originally, it was conceptualized for the functioning of the radio and television serving as a model for technical communication and, later on, adopted in the field of reception, destination, and feedback have been identified. Other terms such as information source for the sender transmitter for the encoder, decoder (reception), and receiver (destination) were introduced. Could you explain the communication flow in the preceding model? How different is it from the first two models discussed earlier? 4. Berlo’s Communication Model David Berlo’s model conceptualized in 1960 is probably the most well- known among the communication models. Initially Berlo’s model was called SMCR which stands for sender of the message, sent through a channel or medium to a receiver. However, it was modified later on to include noice, hence the acronym SMCRN. The major variables involved in the communication process are (1) source, (2) message, (3) channel, and (4) receiver. The source being the originator of the message acts as the encoder. As such, the encoder should practice communication skills such as listening, speaking, reading, and writing. His/her attitude towards the audience or the subject as well as his/her knowledge about the topic on hand likewise counts along with the social system that he/she is in which includes values, beliefs and practices, and culture. The second variable which is message includes (1) content; (2) elements such as the language used and gestures employed; (3) treatment or the 6  Communication Processes, Principles & Ethics manner by which the message is transmitted; and (4) structure which refers to the arrangement of parts or flows of the message. The code shows how the message is sent: that is, the language (verbal code) used and the accompanying gestures (non-verbal code) employed. Note that there should be no mismatch between the verbal and non-verbal codes. The third variable which is channel refers to the different senses: seeing, hearing, smelling, tasting, and touching. Finally, the fourth variable is receiver, the who decodes the message. Note that the components of this last variables are similar to those of the first since for communication to be effective, both the source and the receiver should have good communication skills. If you were to insert noise as an additional variable for SMCR, where do you think will it fit? 2. General Principles of Effective Communication (2018, Madrunio & Martin) 1. Know your purpose in communicating. Are you communicating basically to inform, to entertain, or to persuade? While you may have more than one purpose, there still a more dominant objective or reason why you communicate. 2. Know your audience. In both speaking and writing, you should know your audience as it will dictate the speaking and writing style you are going to employ. Consider the age, educational background, profession, culture, and other salient features of your listeners or readers. 3. Know your topic. You communicate essentially because you want to share something. In speaking situations, speakers are invited because they have something to share. This also applies to writing. You write because you wish that other people learn something from you. You may then utilize several or multiple communication techniques to easily catch the attention of the audience. 4. Adjust your speech or writing to the context of the situation. The environment in which your speech or writing is to be delivered determines the kind of language you will use. 5. Work on the feedback given you. Once you receive comments from the listeners/readers, work on them. Take kindly to criticisms. In the long run, constructive criticisms will prove beneficial to you as you learn to address them. A. Principles of Effective Oral Communication 1. Be clear with your purpose. You should know by heart your objective in communicating. 2. Be complete with the message you deliver. Make sure that your claims are supported by facts and essential information. 3. Be concise. You do not need to be verbose or wordy with your statements. Brevity in speech is a must. 4. Be natural with your delivery. Punctuate important words with the appropriate gestures and movements. Exude a certain degree of confidence ever if you do not feel confident enough. 5. Be specific and timely with your feedback. Inputs are most helpful when provided on time. 7  Communication Processes, Principles & Ethics B. Principles of Effective Written Communication; 7Cs. 1. Be clear. Be clear about your message. Always be guided by your purpose in communicating. 2. Be concise. Always stick to the point and do not beat or run around the bush. Be brief by focusing on your main point. 3. Be concrete. Support your claim with enough facts. Your readers will easily know if you are bluffing or deceiving them because there is nothing to substantiate your claims. 4. Be correct. It is important that you observe grammatical correctness in your writing. Always have time to revise and edit your work. Even simple spelling errors may easily distract your readers. 5. Be coherent. Your writing becomes coherent only when you convey a logical message. The ideas should be connected to each other and related to the topic. Make sure that you observe a sound structure that will present a smooth flow of your ideas. Use transitional or cohesive devices so that the ideas cohere with one another. 6. Be complete. Include all necessary and relevant information so that the audience will not be left wanting to any information. Always place yourself in the shoes of the audience, who is always interested to receive new information. 7. Be courteous. The tone of your writing should be friendly. Avoid any overtone/undertone or insinuation to eliminate confusion and misinterpretation. 3. Ethics of Communication (2018, Madrunio & Martin) 1. Establish an effective value system that will pave the way for the development of your integrity, as a person. One’s behavior and decision-making style affect, in turn, the operations of an organization. 2. Provide complete and accurate information. Whether it is needed or not, the data you provide should always be contextualized and correct. 3. Disclose vital information adequately and appropriately. Never conceal or hide information that are necessary for purposes of transparency. (Describe the nature, elements, and functions of verbal and non-verbal communication in various and multicultural context.) Definition The Oxford English Dictionary defines communication as “the imparting, conveying, or exchange of ideas, knowledge and information’. This can apply to words or body language. Effective Communication Lasswell introduced an important model of five levels of communication identified from his experiences in the second world 1. Who: the source 2. Says What: the message 3. In Which Channel: through what channel or medium 4. To Whom: the audience 5. To What Effect: the desired effect. 8  Communication Processes, Principles & Ethics The Five Ws’ Lasswell’s (1948) model has been further developed and modernized and is now referred to as the “Five Ws’” and this model has been widely used, particularly when managing change. However, addressing the “Five Ws’ is an essential element of all communication, getting this right is the first step in the process and is dependent upon what is required to be communicated at the time. This is particularly important when managing change in an organization. 1. Who should be told? Everyone who needs to be told about something should be told. It is advisable to relate the communication to all as soon as possible. Openness is the key to making everyone feels involved (although there will always be some things which are not disseminated as widely as others). Where appropriate, communicate widely so that individuals are given the opportunity to influence the process and local ownership is gained. Barriers can be identified and overcome. 2. When should they be told? The time to communicate with relevant people should be carefully considered. It might be within a set meeting or a one-off arrangement. If the communication covers a wide range of people where possible it is desirable that discussions take place at the same time to avoid confusion, spread of rumors or misunderstandings. If internal and external stakeholders are involved, internal staff should be communicated with prior to external stakeholders; this is to prevent staff hearing from other sources, including the media. Key communications should be made as soon as possible following a significant event or decision. 3. When should they be told? Clear messages, related to the subject or problem. In complex situations it is advisable to create a shared meaning and understanding, this can be done by: Checking back with the recipients through an interactive process Let them ask questions Asking for clarification of what they have understood being clear that words, behaviors and symbols are not misunderstood or misinterpreted. 4. Where should the message be conveyed? Choose the most effective medium to get your message across, this could be in meetings, seminars, press releases etc. Make time to communicate properly, do not do it in the corridor, in the toilet or the car park. This leads to gabbled and garbled messages and can contribute the ‘grape vine’. 5. Who should control the communication process? The most appropriate person depending on the subject. If it involves external agencies include the Press Officer. The Message William McGuire (1981) adds a further dimension to communication. Instead of having only an X axis with Source, Message, Channel, and Receiver which he calls “input factors”, he adds a Y axis comprised of Attention, Liking, Comprehension, Yielding, Remembering, and Action, which he calls “output factors.” 9  Communication Processes, Principles & Ethics Source Message Channel Receiver Attention Liking Comprehension Remembering Action Since McGuire combines the traditional S-M-C-R unidimensional model with factors on the Y axis, we have a more sophisticated way of thinking about and analyzing communication. In fact, his two, dimensional matrix is useful for analyzing the effectiveness of persuasive communication both before and after the fact. In addition to McGuire’s dimensions there are also three other elements that are vital for all social or business interaction through communication: 1. Use of language: the understanding of what people her can be changed by loudness, intonation, clarity, use of jargon, aggressive words, and colloquialisms. 2. Behavior: In face-to-face meetings body language can affect the whole meaning of communication, for example frowning, arms folded and legs apart, pointing fingers, looking bored versus animated voice and eyes, smiling face and positive arm movements. Charles Brower summed this up in this quote… “A new idea is delicate. It can be killed by a sneer or a yawn. It can be stabbed to death by a quip and worried to death by a frown on the right man’s brow. 3. Other symbols, for example hand-outs, presentations, stage props, examples of work etc. Getting over the right messages is complex as the meaning of the message may be: Misunderstood Misinterpreted Misheard Ignored Perceived as irrelevant Delivering the right message Careful thought on how the message is delivered is required, taking into account: What are we trying to convey? What are we inadvertently conveying? Confucius wrote … ‘If language is not correct, then what is said is not what is meant. If what is said is not what is meant, then what ought to be done remains undone’. 10  Communication Processes, Principles & Ethics Monroe’s Motivated Sequence (1935), whilst written to support people making persuasive speeches, is a useful reminder of the key as they are the same for all communication and action. Attention Step Get the attention or your audience. This can be done with a detailed story, shocking example, dramatic statistic, quote, etc. This is part or your introduction (in addition to stating your thesis, giving a preview of your main points, mentioning your credibility, and telling your audience why the topic is of concern to them). Need Step Show the problem exists, that it is a significant problem, and that it won’t go away by itself. Document your statements with statistics, examples, etc. Offer a clear concise statement of the need. This is the central idea. Tell them what you are going to tell them. Establish expectation Illustration Present one or more illustrations and/or specific instances to give audience idea of nature and scope of the problem. Ramification Use supporting material, statistics, testimony, etc., to drive point home. Pointing Point out how issue or problem affects audience’s health, security, etc. Satisfaction Offer solutions for the problem you have shown exists in the Need Step. These are solutions that the government or society as a whole can implement. You must satisfy the need. Includes: Initial Summary - State in advance what your main ideas are. Detailed Information - Discuss in order the information for each of the main ideas. Final Summary - Tell them what you said. Visualization Step Tell us what will happen if we don’t do something about the problem. Be, graphic. Primary strategy is to project audience into future and accepting or denying your proposals. In informative speeches this step may be used to suggest the pleasure that may be gained from this knowledge. 11  Communication Processes, Principles & Ethics Action Step Required when action is an essential output. Offer alternatives to your audience that they can do personally to help solve the problem you have shown exists. Again, be very specific and very realistic. Motivate staff to get out and do something! Wrap up loose ends by giving a review of points and restating our thesis, and then conclude the speech. MODELS OF COMMUNICATION Models of Communication Advantages Disadvantages One to one Time for the The manager is likely to have individual more of a voice The individual has Open to manipulation the opportunity Only the leader gets the overall to voice clear picture opinions without Time consuming the influence of others Cascade Can reach more The message becomes diluted, staff incorrect or forgotten Makes middle Some people will not hear the managers feel message at all involve One to one endorsement The team has People respond in a private within a group more control capacity. Is this enough if the over the content going gets rough? Will they of the decision change their mind? and can therefore The evidence itself is subject to ensure that the rather less discussion than it rationale remains would receive in a larger group intact There are fewer hidden agendas to second guess and negotiate It is easier to achieve individual commitment and with each endorsement, to build a sense of a collective bandwagon beginning to roll Round table management Ensures that the Might not be candid about the led consensus message is heard obstacles and opportunities the same by Less likely to feel the need to everyone defend their own corner 12  Communication Processes, Principles & Ethics Everyone hears Professionals often feel obliged the opinions of to disagree then come up with others consensus Open Difficulty in getting everyone communication together at the same time. channels Round table consensus for a Ensures that the No leader to keep the group decision message is heard communication focused the same by No control over the group’s everyone activities Everyone hears Potentially no outcomes the opinions of others Open communication channel B. Communication and globalization The Globalization Phenomenon ‘Globalization’ and ‘global’ are terms we often encounter today. These terms are associated with realities outside the territories of nation-states. All countries are engaged in globalization. Very few (if any) societies are unaffected by this phenomenon. Because of this, we need to understand exactly what it is, and more importantly how it impacts communication. The following terms or concepts provide information about globalization. Reuters Thomson Reuters is one of the world’s most trusted providers of answers, helping professionals make confident decision and run better businesses. (Google; https://www.thomsonreuters.com/en/about-us.html) International Monetary Fund (IMF) The IMF works to achieve sustainable growth and prosperity for all of its 190 member countries. It does so by supporting economic policies that promote financial stability and monetary cooperation, which are essential to increase productivity, job creation, and economic well-being. Paris Agreement on Climate Change The Paris Agreement sets out a global framework to avoid dangerous climate change by limiting global warming to well below 2 ͦ C and pursuing efforts to limit it to 1.5 ͦ C. It also aims to strengthen countries’ ability to deal with the impacts of climate change and support them in their efforts. Oxfam A global movement of people who are fighting inequality to end poverty and injustice. Across regions, from the local to global, work with people to bring change that lasts. Their work is grounded in the commitment to the universality of human rights. 13  Communication Processes, Principles & Ethics What is globalization anyway? (Alex Gray as cited by Madrunio et. al) How Globalization works (1) In simple terms, globalization is the process by which people and goods move easily across borders. Principally, it’s an economic concept-the integration of markets, trade and investments with few barriers to slow the flow of products and services between nations. There is also a cultural element as ideas and traditions are traded and assimilated. (2) Globalization has brought many benefits to many people. But not to everyone. Storm in a Coffee Cup (3) To help explain the economic side of globalization, let’s take a look at the well-known coffee chain Starbucks. (4) The first Starbucks outlet opened its doors in 1971 in the city of Seattle. Today it has 15,000 stores in 50 countries. These days you can find a Starbucks anywhere, whether Australia, Canada, Chile or Dubai. It’s what you might call a truly globalized company. (5) And for many suppliers and jobseekers, not to mention coffee-drinkers, this was a good thing. The company was purchasing 247 milion kilograms of unroasted coffee from 29 countries. Through its stores and purchases, it provided jobs and income for hundreds of thousands of people all over the world. (6) But then disaster struck. In 2012, Starbucks made headlines after a Reuters investigation showed that the chain hadn’t paid much to the UK government, despite having almost a thousand coffee shops in the country and earning millions of pounds in profit there. (7) As a multinational company, Starbucks was able to use complex accounting rules that enabled it to have profit earned in one country taxed in another. Because the latter country had a lower tax rate, Starbucks benefited. Ultimately, the British public missed out, as the government raising less tax to spend on improving their well-being. How did Globalization happen? (8) We might think of globalization as a relatively new phenomenon, but it’s been around for centuries. (9) One example is the Silk Road, when trade spread rapidly between China and Europe via an overland route. Merchants carried goods for trade back and forth, trading silk as well as gems and spices and, of course, coffee. (In fact, the habit of drinking coffee in a social setting originated from a Turkish custom, an example of how globalization can spread culture across borders.) What drives it? (10) Globalization has speeded up enormously over the last half-century, thanks to great leaps in technology. (11) The internet has revolutionized connectivity and communication, and helped people share their ideas much more widely, just as the invention of the printing press did in the 15th century. The advent of email made communication faster than ever. (12) The invention of enormous container ships helped too. In fact, improvement in transport generally – faster ships, trains and airplanes – have allowed us to move around the globe much more easily. 14  Communication Processes, Principles & Ethics What’s good about it? (13) Globalization has led to many millions of people being lifted out of poverty. (14) For example, when a company like Starbucks buys coffee from farmers in Rwanda, it is providing a livelihood and a benefit to the community as a whole. A multinational company’s presence overseas contributes on those local economies because the company will invest in local resources, products and services. Socially responsible corporations may even invest in medical and educational facilities. (15) Globalization has not only allowed nations to trade with each other, but also to cooperate with each other as never before. Take the Paris Agreement on Climate Change, for instance, where 195 countries all agreed to work towards reducing their carbon emissions for the greater global good. What’s bad about it? (16) While some areas have flourished, others have floundered as jobs and commerce move elsewhere, Steel companies in the UK, for example, once thrived, providing work for hundreds of thousands of people. But when China began producing cheaper steel, steel plants in the UK closed down and thousands of jobs were lost. (17) Every step forward in technology brings with a new danger. Computers have vastly improved our lives, but cyber criminals steal millions of pounds a year. Global wealth has skyrocketed, but so has global warming. (18) While many have been lifted out of poverty, not everybody has benefited. Many argue that globalization operates mostly in the interests of the richest countries, with most of the world’s collective profits flowing back to them and into the pockets of those who already own the most. (19) Although globalization is helping to create more wealth in developing countries, it is not helping to close the gap between the world’s poorest and richest nations. Leading charity Oxfam says that when corporations such as Starbucks can legally avoid paying tax, the global inequality crisis worsens. (20) Basically, done wisely on the words of (the International Monetary Fund) globalization could lead to “unparalleled peace and prosperity.” Done poorly, “to disaster.” 3. SUMMARY Module Unit 1: A. Communication processes, principles, and ethics B. Communication and globalization 15  Communication Processes, Principles & Ethics 1. ACTIVITIES Module Unit 1 Activity 1 Study the following words. Which spelling is correct? Which spelling is incorrect? Tick the appropriate box. Justify your answers. No. Words Correct? Incorrect? 1 Aeroplane 2 Airplane 3 Colonise 4 Colonize 5 Defence 6 Defense 7 Enrolment 8 Enrollment 9 Honour 10 Honor Activity 2 0.1 VOCABULARY Word Definition (GAME) 1. Language consists of grammar, phonology and lexicon. It is a human way to communicate with one another. 2. Grammar is a system of rules in language. 3. Phonology a sound system in language. 4. Lexicon a vocabulary in language. 5. Speech community is a group of people who speak the same language and share the same words and grammar rules. 6. Language acquisition is the ability to be aware of language and to understand it. 7. Mother Tongue is the language spoken during early age. 8. First Language a language acquired while growing up. 9. Language Learning is a process by studying the language formally in school or informally on their own. 10. Language Contact is when speakers of two or more languages or varieties interact and influence each other. SCENARIO – Filipino speaks his mother-tongue and English, works in China whose people living in China speak Putonghua (Mandarin). 11. Language Change is a result of language contact. 16  Communication Processes, Principles & Ethics Activity 4 Match the correct answer by drawing a connecting line from A to B Column A Column B Birds hiss Dogs sing Wolves howl Whales chirp Snakes bark 17  Communication Processes, Principles & Ethics Activity 5 Language Biography Reflect on the concepts presented in the input and connect these to your personal experience of language by creating your own Language Biography. Begin by filling in the Language Biodata Form below. Language Biodata Form 1. How many languages do you speak? Identify these languages 2. What is/are your first language/s or mother tongue? 3. How did you acquire your first language/s or mother tongue/s? 4. What skills can you perform using your first language/s 5. What is/are your second language/s? 6. How did you learn your second language/s? 7. What skills can you perform using your second language/s? 8. What are your language strengths? 9. What are your language weaknesses? 10. Which language is your favorite and why? With the information provided in your Language Biodata Form, write your Language Biography, which is a paragraph that tells the story of your languages. 18  Communication Processes, Principles & Ethics Activity 6 TRUE OR FALSE Read the following statement carefully. Decide if each statement is true or false. Write T on the black if the statement is true, and F if it is false. If the statement is false, re-write or revise it to make it true. Use the space provided after each statement. (Equivalent to 3 points each = 15 points) __________ 1. Not all languages have a grammar system. ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ __________ 2. Change happens to all languages. ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ __________ 3. The first language that a child acquires is called mother tongue. ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ __________ 4. All living creatures have the capacity for language. ___________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________ 5. Two persons who do not speak the same language will never be able to communicate with each other. __________________________________________ ______________________________________________ Activity 7 Analyze the two following situations: 1. Speaker A: Hello! I am Karselle, Ramos. And you? Speaker B: Oh, I am Venice Mendoza. Glad to meet you. How are you related to the bride? Speaker A: She is my cousin. Her mom and mine are sisters. How about you? Speaker B: She was my high school classmate. I never knew anything about her personal life so we were kind of surprised when she sent us the invitation. As always, she is very private. Speaker A: I see. Well, she’s really like that. Ever since we were kids, she has always been a very quiet person. 19  Communication Processes, Principles & Ethics 2. Speaker A: Excuse me. Would you know how to get to the nearest mall Speaker B: Yes. In fact, you may go there on foot or simply take a jeepney. If you walk, it will take you about 20 minutes to get there. You can just take the exit gate near the hospital then turn left and walk straight ahead. You won’t miss it because of the big sign. Jeepneys take the same route and it should not take you more than 10 minutes even with the traffic. Speaker A: Thank you very much. I think I will just take the public transportation as I am running out of time. You have been really helpful. Thanks again. Could you tell which is interpersonal and which is transactional in the two situations above? Explain the objective, the language, and the nature of the conversation. 0.2 VOCABULARY 1. Communication The exchange of thoughts, ideas, concepts, and views between or among two or more people, various contexts come into play. 2. Context It is the circumstance or environment in which communication takes place. Such circumstances may include the physical or actual setting, the value positions of speaker/listeners, and the relevance and appropriateness of a message conveyed. 3. Verbal relating to or in the form of words. 4. Non-verbal Gestures and facial expressions, greeting and welcoming; smile, a friendly, happy, and pleasant disposition. A handshake and an approving facial expression and kind disposition or character. 5. Visual Communication It is the type of communication that uses visuals to convey information and/or messages. Some examples are signs, symbols, imagery, maps, graphs, charts, diagrams, pictograms, photos, drawing or illustrations, and even various forms of electronic communication. 6. Intrapersonal Latin prefix intra-means within or inside. Intrapersonal communication means talking to oneself, inner monologue or inner dialogue. Psychologists call it self-verbalization or self-statement. 7. Interpersonal Latin prefix inter-means between, among, and together. A n interactive exchange takes place as interpersonal communication takes place. 8. Transaction refers to a simple interaction such as greetings, getting to know a person, or ordinary conversations. 9. Extended Communication involves the use of electronic media. 20  Communication Processes, Principles & Ethics 10. Organizational Communication The focus is on the role that communication plays in organizational contexts. 11. Informal Comes from unofficial channels of message flow. Also known as “grapevine” message coming from the different levels of the organization are transmitted; examples are uncertainty such as superiors playing favorites and unfavorable or unacceptable company rules and regulations. Others baseless gossips and rumors which they spread like a wild fire. Blame used in getting out of the mess. 12. Downward approach to communication is the type that flows from upper to lower positions, e.g., president to a manager or supervisor. 13. Upward approach to communication It is bottom-up in which subordinates send communication to their superiors/bosses hearing their views/feedback onorganization policy, issues related to their jobs. 14. Horizontal It is lateral in approach as it takes among people belonging to the same level but coming from different departments or units to facilitate performance tasks through proper coordination. 15. Crosswise approach It is diagonal in nature as employee as employees from different units or departments working at various levels communicate with each other Advantages and Disadvantages. 16. Organizational culture Share in the values, practices, vision, and mission, statements, goals, and objectives. of the organization. 17. Intercultural Communication Implies between or among people having different linguistic, religious, ethnic, social, and professional backgrounds. 18. Formal communication Employs formal language delivered orally or in written form. Examples; lectures, public talks/speeches, research and project proposals, reports and business letters are all considered formal situations and writings in order to inform, to entertain, and to persuade. 19. Informal communication Involves personal and ordinary communications with friends, family members, or acquaintances about anything under the sun. Maybe oral or face to face, ordinary or everyday talks and phone calls, or written as in the forms of emails messengers, personal notes, letters, or text messages. To socialize, and enhance relationships. 21  Communication Processes, Principles & Ethics Activity 8 COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS Check your understanding of the input by answering the following questions: 1. How do you differentiate the types of communication in relation to communication mode? 2. How can visual communication enhance the message conveyed by a speaker? Cite a particular situation when it is best to employ visual communication. 3. What are the types of communication in relation to context? How do they differ from one another? 4. How can you listen to speakers’ opinions through electronic media without being easily swayed into accepting their opinions? 5. Of the four approaches employed in formal organization structure, which do you think is the best? Cite situations which will call for the use of each approach. Give one advantage and disadvantage of each. 6. Would you know any strategy or method by which you can reduce the complexity of understanding another culture? Do you think it will work with your current set of foreign classmates/friends? 7. How do you differentiate formal communication from informal communication in relation to purpose and style? Provide situations to illustrate the differences. Activity 9 TASKS 1. Organizational Culture I. Interview a certain head of an organization/company and ask him/her the following questions: 1. What is the culture of your organization? _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 22  Communication Processes, Principles & Ethics 2. Do you think culture can be created? Modified? Changed? _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ II. In the school you are currently enrolled, what is the prevailing organizational culture? What are some of the practices/rituals that you observe? _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ III. Choose two cultures from among the ASEAN countries and differentiate some of their non-verbal messages. Share at least five differences in their non-verbal codes. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. IV. a. Presume that you are going to put up your own organization. Decide on the nature and the objective/s of the organization your wish to establish. Draft your vision and mission statements but access first the website below and view it so you will properly be guided. Mission, Vision, & Values: The Foundation of Every Great Company https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8wem6FZAucw 23  Communication Processes, Principles & Ethics IV. b. After viewing the clip, you are now ready to draft your own mission-vision statements. Remember that a mission statement is a statement communicating the purpose of the organization. It states the following points: 1.What the organization does for its clients 2.What the organization does for its employees 3.What the organization does for the owner/s 4.What the organization does for the community 5.What the organization does for the world IV. c. On the other hand, remember toot that a vision statement states an aspiration and focuses on something that you want to be in the future. It states the high-level goals of the organization which coincides with the owner’s/founder’s objectives. V. Now that you have your mission-vision statements, identify at least three (3) powerful core values that will serve as the organization’s guiding principles. Explain what each means and why you have chosen them. Remember that these core values should help you fulfill your business goals which should also be imbued by your employees. 4. References: Communication Coach Alex Lyon. (n.d.), YouTube;(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6pYSbdGiDYw Chesebro, J.L. (2018). Professional Communication at Work. file://C:/Users/CONSUELO%20J.%20GREGORIO/Downloads/9781315772738_previewpdf.pdf Madrunio, M.R. & Martin, I.S. (2018). Purposive Communication. Using English in Multilingual Context. C & E Publishing, South Triangle, Quezon City. Hall, S. (2002). McGuire, W. (1981). “Theoretical Foundation of Campaigns. “In Ronald Rice and William Paisley (eds.), Public Communication Campaigns, Sage. Monroe, A.H. (1935). Motivation Sequence https://en.wikipedia.org/wik/Monroe’s_motivated_sequence. Lasswell, H. (1948). “The Structure and Function of Communication in Society.” In Lyman Bryson (ed.), The Communication of Ideas. Harper and Row. 24