生产运营管理常识测验

Study Notes

Production Operations Management

Basic Functions of Social Organizations: Marketing, Production Operations, and Finance
Production Operation Systems: Processes transforming inputs into outputs, requiring specific resources. For example, an automobile factory's inputs (engines), resources (workers, equipment), transformation (assembly and manufacturing), and output (cars).
Value Addition: Production operations systems increase value during the transformation process.
Process Types:
- Flow Production: Continuous, fixed sequential processes (e.g., tobacco, brewing).
- Jobbing/Batch Production: Discrete processes; independent component processing, followed by assembly (e.g., electronics).
Production System Types: Classified by product variety, volume, and repetition:
- Mass Production: High volume, standardized products.
- Batch Production: Moderate volume, varied products.
- Job Production: Low volume, customized products.
Production System Types (Market Demand Strategies):
- Inventory-Based Production (MTS): Predicts market demand, plans production, holds inventory.
- Order-Based Production (ETO/MTO/ATO): Produces based on customer orders.
Production System Components:
- Product Development and Technology
- Core Production
- Support Production
- Production Services and Support
- Production Planning and Control
Key Production System Characteristics: Product development and core production are crucial; support production is based on core production needs, reflecting specialization and collaboration. Production services support overall management. Production planning/control acts as the system's "brain" and determines efficiency.
Production Organization Forms:
- Process Specialization: Organizes by process type (e.g., machining, assembly).
- Object Specialization: Organizes by product type.
Order Winning Factors: Unique product attributes that companies use to secure contracts.
Order Qualification Factors: Minimum requirements necessary to compete for orders.
New Product Concepts: Significant improvements over existing products or use of new technologies/designs.
Value Engineering: Improves product value by analyzing cost and function, minimizing lifecycle cost.
DFX Technologies: Design for specific areas:
- DFA: Design for Assembly
- DFM: Design for Manufacturing
- DFC: Design for Cost
- DFS: Design for Service
Integrated Business Plans (Master Plan): Unifies business objectives, marketing, finance, and resource plans.
Plan Outline: Defines metrics for planned production (quality, quantity, value).
Value Improvement: Introduced new products/improved existing product quality and technology.
Production Value: Reflects sales volume and manufacturing output:
- Gross Output: Inclusive of all products produced
- Industrial Output: Focuses on industrial product sales
- Commodity Output: Accounts for value of raw materials and outsourced work.
Demand/Capacity Adjustments:
- Demand Shifts: changing prices, delays
- Capacity Adjustments: workforce alteration, overtime, use of subcontractors, inventory management.
Production Strategies:
- Tracking (Chasing) Strategy: Adjusting production output to exactly match demand.
- Level Strategy: Stable, uniform production rate.
Planning Methods:
- Rolling Plan: Flexible plan adaptable to market changes.
Inventory Management:
- Inventory Types: Raw materials, supplies, work-in-progress, finished goods, maintenance items
- Inventory Functions: Meeting customer needs, smoothing production, separating operations, preventing stockouts, planning orders, avoiding/managing price increases.
- Inventory Systems:
  - Fixed-Order Quantity (FOQ): Fixed quantity orders are released when inventory reaches a predetermined level.
  - Periodic Review System: Checks inventory at fixed intervals.
- ABC Method: Classifies inventory by value (A=high value; C=low value).
Economic Order Quantity (EOQ): Calculation for optimal order size.
Master Production Schedule (MPS): Detailed production plan for specific products and timeframes.
Capacity Planning: Production limitations as determined by resources.
Work Batch Size & Time Intervals: Considerations in production planning.