生产运营管理常识测验

Production Operations Management

• Basic Functions of Social Organizations: Marketing, Production Operations, and Finance
• Production Operation Systems: Processes transforming inputs into outputs, requiring specific resources. For example, an automobile factory's inputs (engines), resources (workers, equipment), transformation (assembly and manufacturing), and output (cars).
• Value Addition: Production operations systems increase value during the transformation process.
• Process Types:
  • Flow Production: Continuous, fixed sequential processes (e.g., tobacco, brewing).
  • Jobbing/Batch Production: Discrete processes; independent component processing, followed by assembly (e.g., electronics).
• Production System Types: Classified by product variety, volume, and repetition:
  • Mass Production: High volume, standardized products.
  • Batch Production: Moderate volume, varied products.
  • Job Production: Low volume, customized products.
• Production System Types (Market Demand Strategies):
  • Inventory-Based Production (MTS): Predicts market demand, plans production, holds inventory.
  • Order-Based Production (ETO/MTO/ATO): Produces based on customer orders.
• Production System Components:
  • Product Development and Technology
  • Core Production
  • Support Production
  • Production Services and Support
  • Production Planning and Control
• Key Production System Characteristics: Product development and core production are crucial; support production is based on core production needs, reflecting specialization and collaboration. Production services support overall management. Production planning/control acts as the system's "brain" and determines efficiency.
• Production Organization Forms:
  • Process Specialization: Organizes by process type (e.g., machining, assembly).
  • Object Specialization: Organizes by product type.
• Order Winning Factors: Unique product attributes that companies use to secure contracts.
• Order Qualification Factors: Minimum requirements necessary to compete for orders.
• New Product Concepts: Significant improvements over existing products or use of new technologies/designs.
• Value Engineering: Improves product value by analyzing cost and function, minimizing lifecycle cost.
• DFX Technologies: Design for specific areas:
  • DFA: Design for Assembly
  • DFM: Design for Manufacturing
  • DFC: Design for Cost
  • DFS: Design for Service
• Integrated Business Plans (Master Plan): Unifies business objectives, marketing, finance, and resource plans.
• Plan Outline: Defines metrics for planned production (quality, quantity, value).
• Value Improvement: Introduced new products/improved existing product quality and technology.
• Production Value: Reflects sales volume and manufacturing output:
  • Gross Output: Inclusive of all products produced
  • Industrial Output: Focuses on industrial product sales
  • Commodity Output: Accounts for value of raw materials and outsourced work.
• Demand/Capacity Adjustments:
  • Demand Shifts: changing prices, delays
  • Capacity Adjustments: workforce alteration, overtime, use of subcontractors, inventory management.
• Production Strategies:
  • Tracking (Chasing) Strategy: Adjusting production output to exactly match demand.
  • Level Strategy: Stable, uniform production rate.
• Planning Methods:
  • Rolling Plan: Flexible plan adaptable to market changes.
• Inventory Management:
  • Inventory Types: Raw materials, supplies, work-in-progress, finished goods, maintenance items
  • Inventory Functions: Meeting customer needs, smoothing production, separating operations, preventing stockouts, planning orders, avoiding/managing price increases.
  • Inventory Systems:
    • Fixed-Order Quantity (FOQ): Fixed quantity orders are released when inventory reaches a predetermined level.
    • Periodic Review System: Checks inventory at fixed intervals.
  • ABC Method: Classifies inventory by value (A=high value; C=low value).
• Economic Order Quantity (EOQ): Calculation for optimal order size.
• Master Production Schedule (MPS): Detailed production plan for specific products and timeframes.
• Capacity Planning: Production limitations as determined by resources.
• Work Batch Size & Time Intervals: Considerations in production planning.