କମ୍ପ୍ୟୁଟରର ପରିଚୟ ଓ ଇତିହାସ

Study Notes

A computer is an electronic device that takes in information, processes it, and produces output
The first electronic computer was developed in the 1940s, with the first commercially available computer being UNIVAC 1 in 1951
The term "computer" was originally used to describe a person who performed calculations, but was later adopted to describe the machine itself

Hardware: physical components of the computer
- CPU (Central Processing Unit): executes instructions and performs calculations
- Memory (RAM): temporary storage for data and applications
- Storage (HDD/SSD): long-term storage for data and applications
- Input/Output devices: keyboards, mice, monitors, etc.
Software: programs and operating systems that run on the hardware
- Operating System (OS): manages hardware and provides interface for user
- Applications: programs that perform specific tasks, such as word processing or web browsing

Desktop computers: designed for use in a fixed location
Laptop computers: portable and designed for mobile use
Mobile devices: smartphones and tablets that can perform computer-like functions
Servers: high-performance computers that manage and provide access to resources over a network
Mainframe computers: large, powerful computers used by organizations for critical operations

Processing: performs calculations and executes instructions
Storage: stores data and applications
Input/Output: receives input from users and displays output
Communication: connects to networks and communicates with other devices
Common uses include:
- Productivity (word processing, spreadsheets)
- Entertainment (gaming, video streaming)
- Education (online learning, research)
- Communication (email, social media)

କମ୍ପ୍ୟୁଟର ହେଉଛି ଏକ ଇଲେକ୍ଟ୍ରୋନିକ୍ ଡିଭାଇସ୍ ଯାହା ତଥ୍ୟ ଆଦାନ, ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟା ଏବଂ ଆଉଟପୁଟ୍ ପ୍ରଦାନ କରେ
୧୯୪୦ ଦଶକରେ ପ୍ରଥମ ଇଲେକ୍ଟ୍ରୋନିକ୍ କମ୍ପ୍ୟୁଟର ଉତ୍ପାଦନ ହେଇଥିଲା, ଏବଂ ୧୯୫୧ରେ ପ୍ରଥମ ବ୍ୟବସାୟିକ କମ୍ପ୍ୟୁଟର ହେଉଛି UNIVAC 1
"କମ୍ପ୍ୟୁଟର" ଶବ୍ଦଟି ପ୍ରଥମେ ଏକ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତିବିଶେଷକୁ ବୁଝାଉଥିଲା ଯିଏ ଗଣନା କରୁଥିଲେ, କିନ୍ତୁ ପରେ ଏହା ଯନ୍ତ୍ରକୁ ବୁଝାଉଥିଲା

ହାର୍ଡ଼ୱେର: କମ୍ପ୍ୟୁଟରର ଭୌତିକ ଉପାଦାନ
- ସିପିଉ (ମେନ୍ ପ୍ରସେସିଂ ୟୁନିଟ): ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦେଶ ନିର୍ବାହନ କରେ ଏବଂ ଗଣନା କରେ
- ମେମୋରି (ଆରାମ): ତଥ୍ୟ ଏବଂ ପ୍ରୟୋଗଗୁଡିକର ତାତ୍କାଳିକ ଭଣ୍ଡାର
- ଷ୍ଟୋରେଜ (ଏଚ୍ଚଡି/ଏସ୍ଏସ୍ଡି): ତଥ୍ୟ ଏବଂ ପ୍ରୟୋଗଗୁଡିକର ଦୀର୍ଘକାଳିକ ଭଣ୍ଡାର
- ଇନପୁଟ/ଆଉଟପୁଟ ଡିଭାଇସ୍: କୀବୋର୍ଡ, ମାଉସ୍, ମନିଟର୍ ଇତ୍ୟାଦି
ସଫ୍ଟୱେର: କମ୍ପ୍ୟୁଟରରେ ଚାଲୁଥିବା ପ୍ରୋଗ୍ରାମ ଏବଂ ଅପରେଟିଂ ସିସ୍ଟମ୍
- ଅପରେଟିଂ ସିସ୍ଟମ (ଓଏସ୍): ହାର୍ଡ଼ୱେରକୁ ପରିଚାଳନା କରେ ଏବଂ ଉପଭୋକ୍ତାଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ ଇଣ୍ଟରଫେସ୍ ପ୍ରଦାନ କରେ
- ପ୍ରୟୋଗ: ନିର୍