କମ୍ପ୍ୟୁଟରର ପରିଚୟ ଓ ଇତିହାସ

Definition and History

• A computer is an electronic device that takes in information, processes it, and produces output
• The first electronic computer was developed in the 1940s, with the first commercially available computer being UNIVAC 1 in 1951
• The term "computer" was originally used to describe a person who performed calculations, but was later adopted to describe the machine itself

Components

• Hardware: physical components of the computer
  • CPU (Central Processing Unit): executes instructions and performs calculations
  • Memory (RAM): temporary storage for data and applications
  • Storage (HDD/SSD): long-term storage for data and applications
  • Input/Output devices: keyboards, mice, monitors, etc.
• Software: programs and operating systems that run on the hardware
  • Operating System (OS): manages hardware and provides interface for user
  • Applications: programs that perform specific tasks, such as word processing or web browsing

Types of Computers

• Desktop computers: designed for use in a fixed location
• Laptop computers: portable and designed for mobile use
• Mobile devices: smartphones and tablets that can perform computer-like functions
• Servers: high-performance computers that manage and provide access to resources over a network
• Mainframe computers: large, powerful computers used by organizations for critical operations

Functions and Uses

• Processing: performs calculations and executes instructions
• Storage: stores data and applications
• Input/Output: receives input from users and displays output
• Communication: connects to networks and communicates with other devices
• Common uses include:
  • Productivity (word processing, spreadsheets)
  • Entertainment (gaming, video streaming)
  • Education (online learning, research)
  • Communication (email, social media)

କମ୍ପ୍ୟୁଟରର ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ ଏବଂ ଇତିହାସ

• କମ୍ପ୍ୟୁଟର ହେଉଛି ଏକ ଇଲେକ୍ଟ୍ରୋନିକ୍ ଡିଭାଇସ୍ ଯାହା ତଥ୍ୟ ଆଦାନ, ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟା ଏବଂ ଆଉଟପୁଟ୍ ପ୍ରଦାନ କରେ
• ୧୯୪୦ ଦଶକରେ ପ୍ରଥମ ଇଲେକ୍ଟ୍ରୋନିକ୍ କମ୍ପ୍ୟୁଟର ଉତ୍ପାଦନ ହେଇଥିଲା, ଏବଂ ୧୯୫୧ରେ ପ୍ରଥମ ବ୍ୟବସାୟିକ କମ୍ପ୍ୟୁଟର ହେଉଛି UNIVAC 1
• "କମ୍ପ୍ୟୁଟର" ଶବ୍ଦଟି ପ୍ରଥମେ ଏକ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତିବିଶେଷକୁ ବୁଝାଉଥିଲା ଯିଏ ଗଣନା କରୁଥିଲେ, କିନ୍ତୁ ପରେ ଏହା ଯନ୍ତ୍ରକୁ ବୁଝାଉଥିଲା

କମ୍ପ୍ୟୁଟରର ଉପାଦାନ

• ହାର୍ଡ଼ୱେର: କମ୍ପ୍ୟୁଟରର ଭୌତିକ ଉପାଦାନ
  • ସିପିଉ (ମେନ୍ ପ୍ରସେସିଂ ୟୁନିଟ): ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦେଶ ନିର୍ବାହନ କରେ ଏବଂ ଗଣନା କରେ
  • ମେମୋରି (ଆରାମ): ତଥ୍ୟ ଏବଂ ପ୍ରୟୋଗଗୁଡିକର ତାତ୍କାଳିକ ଭଣ୍ଡାର
  • ଷ୍ଟୋରେଜ (ଏଚ୍ଚଡି/ଏସ୍ଏସ୍ଡି): ତଥ୍ୟ ଏବଂ ପ୍ରୟୋଗଗୁଡିକର ଦୀର୍ଘକାଳିକ ଭଣ୍ଡାର
  • ଇନପୁଟ/ଆଉଟପୁଟ ଡିଭାଇସ୍: କୀବୋର୍ଡ, ମାଉସ୍, ମନିଟର୍ ଇତ୍ୟାଦି
• ସଫ୍ଟୱେର: କମ୍ପ୍ୟୁଟରରେ ଚାଲୁଥିବା ପ୍ରୋଗ୍ରାମ ଏବଂ ଅପରେଟିଂ ସିସ୍ଟମ୍
  • ଅପରେଟିଂ ସିସ୍ଟମ (ଓଏସ୍): ହାର୍ଡ଼ୱେରକୁ ପରିଚାଳନା କରେ ଏବଂ ଉପଭୋକ୍ତାଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ ଇଣ୍ଟରଫେସ୍ ପ୍ରଦାନ କରେ
  • ପ୍ରୟୋଗ: ନିର୍