Zoology 01 Taxonomy classification.pdf

General Zoology IIS2024 Taxonomy classification Diego Tirira PhD Esta presentación está protegida por una licencia: Licencia Este presentación está protegida por una licencia Creative Commons CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 https://creativecom...

General Zoology IIS2024 Taxonomy classification Diego Tirira PhD Esta presentación está protegida por una licencia: Licencia Este presentación está protegida por una licencia Creative Commons CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/deed.es Usted es libre de: Compartir (copiar y redistribuir el material en cualquier medio o formato) y adaptar (remezclar, transformar y construir a partir del material), bajo los siguientes términos: Atribución: Usted debe dar crédito de manera adecuada. Puede hacerlo en cualquier forma razonable, pero no de forma tal que sugiera que usted o su uso tienen el apoyo del licenciante. No Comercial: Usted no puede hacer uso del material con propósitos comerciales. Compartir Igual: Si remezcla, transforma o crea a partir del material, debe distribuir su contribución bajo la misma licencia del original. No hay restricciones adicionales. El licenciante no puede revocar estas libertades en tanto usted siga los términos de la licencia. Systematics or taxonomy Systematics is the branch of biology that studies the diversity of living beings and their evolutionary relationships. Taxonomy is the study of organisms in a hierarchy that demonstrates their fundamental similarities and differences. Taxonomy Taxonomy (Greek τάξις (taxis) 'arrangement', and -νομiα (-nomia) 'method’): arrangement method. Scientific study of naming, defining (circumscribing) and classifying groups of biological organisms based on shared characteristics. Taxa (singular taxon): level of grouping of organisms in a taxonomic rank. Groups (taxa) of a given rank can be aggregated to form a more inclusive group of higher rank, thus creating a taxonomic hierarchy. Taxonomy Classifies species based on their evolutionary history (phylogeny). Phylogenetical tree. Wikipedia Taxonomy There are more similar morphological and biochemical traits between species that share a recent common ancestor than a distant one. Those morphological and biochemical traits are important in constructing Wikipedia a phylogenetic tree.  Among so many names, which one to use? https://editorial.murcielagoblanco.com /images/pdf/LibrosNombres2004.pdf Karl von Linné Caroli Linnaei Carl Linnaeus Carl Linneo Carl von Linné Carlos Linneo 1707–1778 Karl von Linné Created a system for classification of living beings. Developed a system of binomial nomenclature (two names): The name of the genus, and The epithet or specific name. Both together make up a scientific name.  Diego Tirira Diego Tirira Wikipedia K Zoology i n Animalia Fungi Monera g (animals) (mushrooms) (bacteria) d Diego Tirira medicoplus.com/ciencia Wikipedia o m s Plantae Protista Archaea (plants) (protozoans) (arqueas)  Eukaryota Eukaryotes Animalia Animals Chordata Chordates Mammalia Mammals Primates Primates Wikipedia Hominidae Humanoids, apes and relatives Homo Humanoids Homo sapiens Humans  Subkingdom Eukaryota Superphylum Animalia Subphylum Chordata Infraorder Suborder Mammalia Superfamily Primates Subfamily Tribe Wikipedia Hominidae Subtribe Homo Subgenus Homo sapiens Subspecies Nomenclature: suffixes used Suffix: particle (morpheme) added to the end of a word to complete or modify its sense or meaning. Category Fauna Example Flora Example Order -formes Passeriformes -ales Rosales Superfamily -oidea Noctilioidea Family -idae Felidae -aceae Asteraceae Subfamily -inae Felinae -oideae Arecoideae Tribe -ini Platyrrhini Subtribe -ina Sciurina How to pronounce scientific names ch = k > Chiroptera (kiroptera) ph = f > Phyllostomidae (fil-lostomide) ll = l-l > Emballonuridae (embal-lonuride) ae = e > Felidae (felide) oe = e > Oecomys (ecomis) cn = n > Cnidaria (nidaria) ct = t > Ctenophora (tenófora) t intermedia + i = c > Aotidae (aocide) s inicial + consonante = es > Sphaeronycteris (esferonicteris) j = y > major (mayor), albujai (albuyai) International Code of Zoological Nomenclature Rules the formal scientific naming of organisms treated as animals. The names must to be written in Latin, Greco-Latin root or Latinized. Names must be unique, unrepeatable. Scientific name A full scientific name includes five elements: The name of the genus (with initial capital letter) The epithet or specific name (lowercase) Authority that described the species A comma Year of description Homo sapiens Linnaeus, 1758 Genus species Author Year Comma Comma Scientific name Panthera leo (Linnaeus, 1758) Parentheses are used when the genus name changed after the original description. Felis leo Linnaeus, 1758 No parentheses when the genus name is the same as the one used in the original description. Description of new species Gray (1865) Is necessary: Type specimen Type locality Species description Published in a scientific document. Process for the description of a new species Is necessary: Brito et al. (2022) Type specimen Brito, Tinoco, Pinto, García, Koch, Fernández, Burneo y Pardiñas (2022) Type locality Species description Published in a scientific document. Type specimens Every species requires a type specimen. Type specimens Holotype: single specimen used in the original description. Paratype: other specimens used and mentioned in the original description that correspond to the same species of the holotype. Allotype: specimen of the opposite sex to the holotype, designated from among paratypes. Neotype: single specimen later selected that replace a holotype. Syntype: two or more specimens used to describe an species where no holotype was designated. Type specimens Lectotype: a specimen later selected to serve as the single type specimen for species originally described from a set of syntypes. Paralectotype: other specimens used when a Lectotype was selected. Type locality: locality where the type specimen was captured. Topotype: specimen captured in the type locality or from the area where the taxon was described. Type species: species used to describe a higher taxonomic category, mainly a genus or subgenus. Official abbreviations sp. = species (singular): Sturnira sp. spp. = species (plural): Sturnira spp. [species plurimas] ssp. = subspecies: Sturnira bogotensis ssp. cf. = to confront: Sturnira cf. bogotensis aff. = affinis (related to): Sturnira aff. bogotensis Some expressions Nomem nodum: scientific name without a published description. Sensu lato: in broadly sense. Sensu stricto: in strict sense Synonym: A name whose meaning is the same as that of another name Junior Synonym: name without taxonomic validity Senior Synonym: name with taxonomic validity