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The objective of this part Understanding the difference between healthcare and lifestyle devices and sensors Understanding different types of microcontrollers Understanding the basic concept of Gateways IoT requires sensors and actuators to form the link between the physical and digital worlds. T...

The objective of this part Understanding the difference between healthcare and lifestyle devices and sensors Understanding different types of microcontrollers Understanding the basic concept of Gateways IoT requires sensors and actuators to form the link between the physical and digital worlds. The next step in the IoT architecture is the microcontroller which processes or generates the digital signals. A microcontroller unit (MCU) is a small, self-contained computer that is housed on a single integrated circuit, or microchip. They differ from your desktop computer in that they are typically dedicated to a single function, and are most often embedded in other devices (e.g. cellphones; household electronics). Thing: Refrigerator Microcontroller Network Connectivity  Basic Structure of Microcontroller CPU Input/Output ports Timers Analog to digital Memory Serial Ports converter Digital to analog Special functioning Interpret Control converter block  Types of Microcontroller Microcontrollers are divided into categories according to their Bits Memory Instruction Sets Memory Architecture  Types of Microcontroller Bits in microcontroller refers to:  Data bus width  Addressing width  Register width 8 bits: executes logic & arithmetic operations (eg. Intel 8031/8051) 16 bits: executes with greater accuracy and performance compare with 8 bits (eg. Intel 8096) 32 bits: employed mainly in automatically controlled appliances such as implantable medical appliances (eg. Texas Instruments AM5749ABZXEA ARM Microcontrollers)  Types of Microcontroller External memory microcontroller: When microcontroller does not comprise of all the functioning blocks existing on a chip it is named as external memory microcontroller. (8031 microcontroller does not have program memory on the chip) Embedded Memory Microcontroller: When a microcontroller which comprise of all the functioning blocks existing on a chip it is named as embedded memory microcontroller. (8051 microcontroller is an embedded memory microcontroller)  Types of Microcontroller CISC: complex instruction set computer It allows the user to apply 1 instruction as an alternative to many simple instructions MULT MEMORY SPACE1, MEMORY SPACE2 RISC: Reduced Instruction Set Computer RISC reduces the operation time by shortening the clock cycle per instruction LOAD REGISTOR A, MEMORY SPACE1 LOAD REGISTOR B, MEMORY SPACE2 PROD REGISTOR A, REGISTOR B STORE MEMORY SPACE1, REGISTOR A  Types of Microcontroller Princeton Memory Architecture Bus for data & The same memory and bus are used to store both instruction Memory for data and instructions that run the program CPU both data and instruction Harvard Memory Architecture For this architecture machine instructions and data Bus for data Memory for are stored in separate memory units that are data connected by different buses CPU Bus for Memory for instruction instruction The purpose of a gateway is to provide a bridge between different types of communication technologies which often differ in terms of connectivity types, interfaces or protocols. An Internet of Things gateway servers as the connection point between the cloud and controllers, sensors and intelligent devices.  BLE -Communication NFC Network bridge Simple data model constrained -Data volume (Internet or Intranet) Cloud power/memory/bandwidth ZigBee (IOT server) filtering -Security Z-wave implementation LoRa IoT protocols are a set of formal standards and policies comprised of rules, procedures and formats that define communication between two or more devices IoT protocols Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT) Health Level 7 Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (HL7 FHIR) Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) Data Distribution Service (DDS) …  MQTT MQTT has become the most popular IoT protocol An open, royalty-free standard A publish/subscribe messaging protocol Extremely simple and lightweight Designed for constrained devices Design principles Minimize network bandwidth and device resource requirements ensure reliability and assurance of delivery  MQTT Sensor2 There are two types of MQTT player: Broker and Client There is only one broker but there can be multiple clients Broker is the reliable one Mobile Sensor1 Broker phone1 If connection goes out, broker must be available when transport is restored Mobile phone2  MQTT Each device you design comes w/MQTT client Client can publishes reading to broker via a ‘Topic’ Topics are like a file system use / delimiters and text categorization Documents/EGH218/Lecture/chapter1.PPT Sensors/block/floor/temperature/room Temperature sensor in r213 will have a topic like below Sensors/R/2/temperature/213  MQTT MQTT client publishes message to the topic by sending message and topic to the broker Broker then sends the message to all clients subscribe to that topic  HL7 FHIR Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources is an interoperability standard for electronic exchange of healthcare information. FHIR was developed by Health Level Seven International, a not-for-profit organization accredited by the American National Standards Institute. Dedicated to provide a comprehensive framework and related standards for the exchange, integration, sharing, and retrieval of electronic health information that supports clinical practice and the management, delivery and evaluation of health services.